Ascending Aorta:
(middle mediastinum)

🔺Begins at the base of Left Ventricle.
🔺Ends at level of sternal angle

🔹Course: Upward and forward to come to lie behind the right half of the sternal body.

🔺Branches:
1⃣ Right Coronary artery:
Origin: from the Right aortic sinus of ascending aorta.

🔹Ends by anastomosing with Left coronary artery in the Post.interventricular groove.


📍Course:
runs forward between the right side of pulmonary trunck and Right auricle →descends in right atrioventricualr groove (coronary sulcus) →Continues posteriorly in Posterior interventricular groove.


📌Branches:
1-Ant.ventricular brs supply ant. surface of the right ventricle.

2-Marginal artery supplies:
★right border of Right ventricle
★part of the apex of left ventricle.
3-Right conus artery supplies:
★ant.surface of pulmonary conus
★Upper part of the ant.wall of Right ventricle.
4-Posterior ventricular brs supply:
★Diaphragmatic surface of Right ventricle
★atrioventricular nodal br. supplies AV node.
5-Posterior interventrcular supplies posterior surface of Right ventricle
6-Atrial brs supply Right atrium.


2⃣ Left coronary artery:
🔹Origin: from the Left aortic sinus of ascending aorta.

🔺Ends by dividing into:
Left circumflex and Left ant. descending (LAD) arteries in atrioventricualr groove (coronary sulcus).

🔹Course:
arises from the left side of pulmonary trunk and left auricle →enters the atrioventricualr groove.

📌Branches:
1-Left ant. descending artery (LAD)
2-Left circumflex artery supplies left margin of heart.
3-Marginal artery is a branch of Left circumflex artery which anastomosing with Right cornary artery.




🔴An injury to right half of sternal body → May lead to Ascending Aorta rupture.


Aortic Arch:
(Superior mediastinum)

👉A continuation of ascending aorta.

🔹Begins as a continuation from level of sternal angle.
🔹Ends at level of T4 and continues as Descending thoracic aorta.

🔺Course:
upward,backward to the left behind the manubrium

🔴An injury to Manubrium → affects on:
1-Arch of Aorta.
2-Superior vena cava
3-Right Innominate vein
4-Left Innominate vein

🔺Branches:
👉Two from the L.t sid:
-L.t common carotid:
enters the carotid sheath at the root of neck
-L.t subclavian:
supplies the left upper limb.

👉One from the right side of the aortic arch:
-Brachiocephalic (Innominate) a
ascending upward, backward to the right to the right sternoclavicular joint where it bifurcates into:
👉Right common carotid →right head and neck
👉Right subclavian→right upper limb.


Descending thoracic aorta
(Posterior mediastinum)

🔹Begins as a continuation of aortic arch at the left side of T4
🔹Ends at the level of T12

🔺Course:
descends downward at the anterior surface of vertebral column.

🔺Branches:
-Lower 9 posterior intercostal arteries
-Bronchial brs
-Eosophagal brs
-Pericardial brs
-Subcostal artery (T12)
-Sup.pherinc a.

Pulmonary Trunk:
(Middle mediastinum)

🔹Begins at the base of right ventricle (infundibulum).
🔹Ends below the concavity of aortic arch by dividing into:
1-Right pulmonary artery 👇
behind (Ascendig Aorta arch and S.V.C)
2-Left pulmonary artery 👇
in front of (Aortic arch and descending aorta)

※Ligamentum arteriosm is a connection between aorta arch and pulmonary trunck.
Opened therapeutically in case of Aortic coarctation by:
→PGE2 or Misoprol.


Head and Neck

🔹Behind right sternoclavicualr
joint, Brachiocephalic divides into:
1-Right subclavian

2-Right common carotid:
enters carotid sheath at the root of the neck.

Carotid sheath is a layer of deep fascia contains the followin:
1-Common carotid arteries
2-Internal jugular veins
3-Vagus nerves

🔴Its pulse is on the middle 1/3 of Sternomastoid muscle


🔹At the level of Thyroid cartilage(Adam's Apple), common carotid divides into:

★External common carotid which has the following branches:
1-Superior thyroid
2-Ascending pharyngeal
3-Lingual
4-Fiscal
5-Occibital
6-post.auricular
7-Superficial temporal
8-Maxillary



★Internal common carotid:
enters carotid channel →supplies the Brain

الـArterial supply المأخوذ في العملي كامل 🤓✨


ملاحظة:
في حالة قياس الـpulse للـcommon carotid 👇

Do not take the pulse of both right and left common carotid arteries at the same time to avoid interruption of blood to the Brain.

لما نقيس النبض لهذه الشريان، مانقيس للجانبين في نفس الوقت عشان مانقطع التروية الدموية للدماغ

Venous Drainage


🔴Head and neck 👇


★External jugular vein
🔹Superficial on Sternomastoid muscle →penetrates it at its lower 1/3 to drain in Subclavian vein.

★Internal jugular vein:
🔹Origin: arises from segmoid sinus.
🔺Ends in the root of the neck (behind the sternoclavicualr joint) by a union with Subclavian vein to form Brachiocephalic vein.

🔹Course: descends in jugular channel and then in Carotid sheath accompanied by:
-Common carotid arteries
-Vagus nerves


Brachiocephalic veins
(Innominate veins)

🔹Origin: by union of Intenal jugular veins with Subclavian veins at the root of the neck


🔹End by joining each other (Right Brachiocephalic unites with Left Brachiocephalic ) to form Superior vena cava.


🔹 The right Brachiocephalic vein is vertical while the left Brachiocephalic vein is oblique (in front of the branches of Aortic arch)


📌Tributaries:
1-Inf. thyroid brs(only the left Brachiocephalic vein)
2-1st post. intercostal veins
3- superior intercostal veins
(only the left Brachiocephalic vein)
4-Thoracic Duct (left Brachiocephalic)
5-Right lymphatic duct ( right Brachiocephalic)


Superior Vena Cava

🔹Origin: by the union of both Right and Left Brachiocephalic veins.

🔹Ends by entering the the right atrium.


Azygos vein

📌It is a connection between S.V.C and I.V.C

🔹Origin: At L2 as a collection of T 12th subcostal vein and Right ascending lumbar vein.

🔺Ends by draining into the back of S.V.C

→ Most important vein in thorax
→Drains into S.V.C. just before entering the right atrium

🔺Course:
Ascends in front of the vertebrate and enters the thorax through Aortic opening.
At T5 it curves to enter post.surface of S.V.C.

🔴Tributaries:
1-Right superior intercostal vein
(2nd,3rd,4th post.intercostal veins) drains into Azygos
2-Right lower 8 post. intercostal veins
3- Superior Hemiazygos vein which receives drainage from Left 5th,6th,7th,8th post.intercostal veins
4-Inferior Hemiazygos vein which receives drainage from the 9th, 10th, 11th, and the 12th post.intercostal veins

🔴Note:
Azygos vein recieves the whole drainages of the Right side of thorax.
Sup.&Inf. Hemiazygos veins recieve whole drainages of the Left side of thorax and finally drain into Azygos vein.!!!

يعني....كل الأوعية الوريدية للـThorax بالأخير بتصب في الـAzygos vein سواء بطريقة مباشرة أو عن طريق الـ
Hemiazygos veins 🤓.


#اللجنة_العلمية_للدفعة_السادسة
#البلك_القلبي
#قسم_العملي
#منشورات

Lymphatic Drainage

🔺Right halves of:
Head, Neck, Thorax, Upper limb collect to form Lymphatic duct which drains into the beginning of Right Brachiocephalic 🔥.


🔹Left halves of the following:
Head, Neck, Thorax, Upper limb
+
🔹Abdomen and lower limbs
are collected to drain into Thoracic Duct which drains into the junction between the Left Subclavian and Left internal jugular veins


🔴Note:
Both lower limbs and abdomen lymphatic drainages collected to form Cisterna chyli , after that it ascends and enters the thorax by Aortic opening.



Lymph nodes 😫

🔺In thorax:
1-Scattered L.Ns in mediastinum
2- At the openings of lungs.
3-Axillary lymph nodes


🔹 In the head
1-Submental
2-Submandubular
3-Periauricular
4-Post.auricular
5-Occipital


🔹In the neck:
1-Superficial cervical
2-Deep cervical



اللهمَّ لاسهل إلا ماجعلته سهلاً،وأنت تجعلُ الحزن إذا شئت سهلاً


بالتوفيق ✨


#اللجنة_العلمية_للدفعة_السادسة
#البلك_القلبي
#قسم_العملي
#منشورات

لو سألكم عن طول Lymphatic duct
1.3cm

أين توجد modrate band ?
Right Ventricle
أيش تعمل ؟
ترتص عليها prenjki fiber تأكدوا من سنل الاجابه مش كاملع

فين ينقسمcommon carotid ؟

At the level of Thyroid cartilage(Adam's Apple),

لو سألكم عن اللي يربط بين connection between aorta arch and pulmonary trunck.
Ligamentum arteriosm

الدكتور بيسأل عن Lymphatic التحديد فخ ⭕️😂

External common carotid
بيسأل عن ترتيبهن يقلك رقم 5 أيش هو ؟
أيش الأخير 🙃

أيش تعرف عن Coronary sinus ?

سؤال متكرر للأغلب وين بيصبيييين 😐

كم طولBronchocephalic ؟

_5 cm
تأكدوا منها 👍
أيش الذي يمر من أمام ال Large branch of aorta
الاجابه left brachiocephalic vein

🛑ماهي الـ surfaces of the heart
تعديد الثلاث :
1.Sternocostal
2. Diaphragmatic
3. Base
وطبعًا تشرحوا كل نقطة منهم إذا طلب منكم تعرفوهن له، وهذا اصلًا اللي بيحصل

🛑كم عدد حدود الـ heart اللي هم الـ borders ومن ايش يتكونوا .

🛑سأل على الـ chambers ومن منهم يتكون من منطقة smooth و rough مع ذكر السبب

🛑كم عدد الـ openings الموجودة في كل chamber وايش هن "طبعًا سؤال مهم وكرره كثير للطلاب"

🛑 من أين يبدأ الـ descending artery وماهي حدوده وايش اللي يمر من خلفه وامامه بالإضافة إلى تفرعاته ...

"يعني ركزوا ع الـ courses قوي ومن أي يبدأ الـ artery أو الـ vein ووين ينتهوا وكذا"

🛑وركزوا ع الـ Superior phrenic artery أحد تفرعات الـ desc.artery لأنه سأل وركز عليه ع أنه الـ artery اللي يغذي الـ diaphragm 🛑

واللي يقول ايش هذا وماشرحه ومش موجود بسنِل، قاله بالحرف في المعمل الثاني وأكد عليه اليوم وقت الإختبار ...


🛑سأل كمان ع الـ coronary sinus واللي يشتيه هل هو vein أو artery وطبعًا هو vein وهذا الشي الوحيد اللي حابب يعرف هل أنتم عارفين له أو لا


🛑والإختبار بسيط جدًا ركزوا ع الـ blood supply والـ venous system بشكل عام حتى اللي ماحدده .🛑


وبالتوفيق ✨

𝑯𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒏🤍

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته.

الذي أختبروا اليوم ويتذكروا الأسئلة اللي سألهم الدكتور، يرسلوهن عبر البوت وننشرهن عشان زملاءنا اللي عيختبروا بكرة 😁

رابط البوت👇
@September_Medical_Students_bot

سالني عن الـ SVC
-Where it  begin?اين بيبدا
-Where it drains??
اين بيسكب في الـ⬇️
ant. or post wall of the R.t atrium
What vein that drains on it??
  الـvein اللي بيسكب في الـSVC
ماهو الـVein اللي بيكون امام الـ
large branches of aortic arch..
.هل هو الـ⬇️
Left brachiocephalic
          Or
Right brachiocephalic
ليش الـــ⬇️
-anterior wall of the R.t atrium is rough?

⭕️ا سأل عن ال ductus arteriosus
وَْعنَ ال aortic arch وايش تفرعاته
وايش تعرفي عن ال common carotid artery