Why Acute Pyelonephritis is More Common in the Right Kidney?
The uterus is slightly rotated to the right in pregnancy
→ causes more compression on the right ureter
→ which increases urinary stasis on the right side.

the right ovarian vein crosses the right ureter
→ increasing chances of compression.

The anatomical position of the colon
→ The left sigmoid colon protects the left ureter more
→ so the right ureter is more exposed and more easily compressed.

Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of pregnancy before fetal viability (between 20–24 weeks of gestation

Occurs in 10–15% of clinically recognized pregnancies.
More than 50% of conceptions are lost within the first 14 days after fertilization

Etiology

Mcc in First Trimester Chromosomal abnormalities
• Trisomy 16, 21, 22
• Triploidy
• Monosomy

Uterine causes
• Submucosal fibroid

In Second Trimester
mcc
• Cervical incompetence

Coagulation disorders:
• Antiphospholipid syndrome -> recurrent miscarriage

Threatened Miscarriage
Vaginal bleeding
• Cervical os is closed
• Fetus is viable
Gestational sac

Inevitable Miscarriage
• Vaginal bleeding and uterine pain
• Cervical os is open
• Pregnancy cannot be preserved

Incomplete Miscarriage
• Partial expulsion of products of conception
• Cervical os is open
• Retained products present in the uterus

Complete Miscarriage
• All products of conception are expelled
• Cervical os is closed
• Uterus is empty

Missed Miscarriage
• Fetal death with retention of products inside the uterus
• No bleeding or minimal bleeding
• Cervical os is closed

Diagnosis
Ultrasound (TVS)
Gestational sac appears at 5 weeks
• Yolk sac at 5–6 weeks
• Fetal pole + cardiac activity at 6 weeks
• Used to:
• Confirm viability
• Detect retained products
• Differentiate types of miscarriage

β-hCG
Quantitative β-hCG:
• Should double every 48 hours in normal pregnancy
• Used to:
• Detect non-viable pregnancy
• Help in pregnancy of unknown location

Threatened → Reassure
• Incomplete → Stabilize + Evacuate
• Complete → Reassure only
• Missed → Expectant / Medical / Surgical
• Septic → IV antibiotics + Evacuation immediately
• Recurrent → Treat the cause

Hydatidiform mole is an abnormal form of pregnancy caused by a chromosomal abnormality, resulting in abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic tissue with grape-like vesicles instead of a normal fetus.

Complete Mole :46
The ovum is empty (no maternal DNA).
One or two sperm fertilize it → paternal DNA duplicates.
Result: no fetal tissue, only abnormal placenta.

Ultrasound shows the classic:

Snow-storm appearance,
with no visible fetus

• Vaginal bleeding
• Severe vomiting
• Uterus larger than gestational age
• Very high β-hCG
• Signs of hyperthyroidism
• Early preeclampsia (rare)

Partial Mole is an abnormal pregnancy where an abnormal, non-viable fetus is present, along with partially normal placenta and partially molar vesicles.

It occurs when:
• A normal ovum
• Is fertilized by two sperm
→ leading to Triploidy (69 chromosomes

Ultrasound shows:
• A fetus (abnormal and non-viable)
• Mixed placental appearance (normal + cystic areas)