Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors

Example: Tadalafil
• Improves LUTS and erectile dysfunction simultaneously.
• Sometimes combined with alpha-blocker.

Surgical & Minimally Invasive Options

TURP (Transurethral Resection of Prostate)
Gold standard for prostates <80 g. Removes obstructing tissue.


Open Prostatectomy
For very large glands (>80–100 g)


Catheterization (temporary)
For acute urinary retention or poor surgical candidates.

UroLift
Small–medium prostate, no large median lobe
Preserves ejaculation and erection

Rezum (steam ablation)
Small–medium prostate, mild median lobe
Durable results, minimal sexual side effects

TUNA / TUMT (heat or microwave)
Patients unfit for surgery or anesthesia

persistence or recurrence of biliary or gastrointestinal symptoms after removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).
These symptoms can appear immediately after surgery or months to years later.

Most common cause Retained common bile duct (CBD) stone
Stone left behind during surgery or newly formed after surgery.

Thats may lead Ascending cholangitis is a bacterial infection of the biliary tree (bile ducts), usually caused by bile duct obstruction that allows bacteria to ascend from the duodenum into the biliary system.
It’s a life-threatening emergency that requires urgent management.

ملاحظه ممكن يصير
Ascending cholangitis
بدون منشيل gallbladder وهنا ممكن شي اليفدنا حتى نفرق هو Destination of
gallbladder

Courvoisier’s Law
“In a patient with obstructive jaundice and a palpable, non-tender gallbladder, the cause is unlikely to be gallstones.”

It means:
If the gallbladder is enlarged and not painful, the obstruction is probably due to a malignant process — not gallstones.
سو لازم افكر ca حتى يثبت العكس

gallstone ileus, a specific form of mechanical small bowel obstruction caused by a gallstone that enters the intestinal tract through a biliary-enteric fistula (most often a cholecystoduodenal fistula).

Antibiotics of choice for treatment of common adult infections in the ER

Antibiotics and their route of elimination

Safety during pregnancy

عظمة

One large public hospital reported that 47% of 721 consecutive patients with myocardial infarction presented complaining of symptoms other than chest pain. This means ED physicians must consider potential anginal-equivalent symptoms like dyspnea at rest or with exertion, nausea, light-headedness, generalized weakness, acute changes in mental status, diaphoresis, or shoulder, arm, or jaw discomfort.

Epigastric or upper abdominal discomfort, even when relieved with antacids, should raise suspicion for acute coronary syndrome, especially for patients >50 years old and those with known coronary artery disease.

Response to medications is a poor discriminator between cardiac and noncardiac chest pain.

In one study, 25% of ED patients with chest pain met diagnostic criteria for panic disorder. Conversely, 9% of the patients identified as having panic disorder were ultimately diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome on hospital discharge. This means panic disorder is at best a diagnosis of exclusion or a co-diagnosis with acute coronary syndrome (or another cause). Do not assume panic disorder in a patient with chest pain in the ED until further testing allows better risk stratification.

زين؟