HFMD in an adult

Patients with unstable pelvic fractures are severely hemodynamically unstable. It is rare to see a stable pelvic fracture causing hemodynamic instability.

Therefore, if a patient has a stable fracture yet he is hemodynamically unstable, search for the cause elsewhere, such as the abdomen, the chest, or the lower limbs.

The mortality due to pelvic trauma is approximately 9%, yet it increases to 50% if the patient is hemodynamically unstable at presentation.

Cerebral palsy (CP)

It's an umbrella term for the neurodevelopmental disorders that cause motor problems. Most of the cases have their etiology prenatally (rarely postnatally), and are caused by things like infections, hypoxia, and head trauma. They are only rarely due to genetic mutations.

It is classified according to its effect on the motor system:
• Spastic (pyramidal), due to lesions in the upper motor neurons of the pyramidal system. It has many subtypes, like spastic hemiplegic, and diplegic CP.
• Dyskinetic (extrapyramidal), due to lesions in the basal ganglia leading to symptoms such as chorea and dyskinesia.
• Ataxic, due to cerebellar problems.

You should be able to differentiate between ecchymosis, purpura, and hematoma.

Stroke management

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Circumventricular organs (CVOs)

Chemotherapy activates the area postrema which causes nausea and vomiting (among other mechanisms).

Many anti-emetics like Ondasteron (Zofran) work by inhibiting serotonin/dopamine receptors in the area postrema.

ECG