Seen in schwannoma, meningioma (fibrous type) and many other types of tumors.

Seen in almost all cases glioblastoma multiforme. It's almost a pathognomonic feature of the tumor.

Survival estimates for astrocytomas

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In the 3rd cranial nerve, the efferent fibers that are responsible for pupillary constriction are on the periphery of the nerve. So when an aneurysm or mass compresses the nerve, it'll compromise these fibers and leads to pupillary dilation. This is called surgical 3rd nerve palsy, as opposed to medical 3rd nerve palsy which usually spares the pupillary fibers and is often the result of a neuropathy (like diabetic ophthalmoplegia).

هذا شرح الـ cerebellum
اعتمدت بيه على ملازم طب الأنبار (وياه شوية بهارات من يمي) بس يفيد أي واحد يريد يقرة عنه

*الملزمة الثانية مال النيورو*

Left bundle branch block (LBBB)

Right bundle branch block (RBBB)

It is most obviously seen on V6 lead as an (M sign). It can occasionally be seen on V1 as an (inverse M sign).
LBBB is always pathological.

This is most obviously seen on V1 lead as an (R & R' waves), basically: two R waves (two upward deflections) that is similar to (M sign) in LBBB but on V1.
RBBB can occasionally be seen in normal individuals so it is not always pathological.

In one dramatic clinical case, electrical stimulation of the thalamus rekindled sensations of angina pectoris that were so realistic that the anesthesiologist thought the patient was experiencing a heart attack. This and other clinical observations suggest that in chronic pain conditions there is a fundamental change in thalamic and cortical circuitry.