It's a sprain of the big toe joint resulting from hyperextension, often seen in athletes who play on artificial turf (ثيل صناعي). It can be painful and limit movement, requiring rest, ice, elevation, and possibly taping or bracing for support.

Sand toe, also known as beach toe or beach soccer toe, is the opposite of turf toe and occurs on sandy surfaces, particularly common in beach soccer players. It involves hyperflexion of the big toe joint, leading to pain, swelling, and limited range of motion. Treatment typically involves rest, ice, elevation, and possibly taping or splinting the toe for support.

الفكرة هي أنّه الـ turf toe والـ sand toe ثنينهن إصابات لإصبع الرجل الجبير، بس يكونن متعاكسات.

It's an autosomal recessive disorder. Children with this disorder have cerebellar atrophy in the first year of life, which leads to ataxia and oculo-cutaneous telangiectasia (abnormally dilated blood vessels). These individuals have severe immune deficiency and frequent infections, especially of the respiratory tract. They also have an increased risk of cancer due to inefficient repair mechanisms for DNA damage caused by UV light (DNA hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation).

Four things characterize this syndrome:

• Childhood-onset ataxia
• Telengiectasia
• Recurrent sinopulmonary infections
• High risk of cancer (and hypersensitivity to x-rays)

خلايانا من تنقسم بشكل طبيعي، عادةً يصير بيها بعض الأخطاء والمشاكل بالـ DNA. بس بنفس الوقت عدنا مجموعة إنزيمات شغلها تصلّح هالأخطاء.
الأشخاص المصابين بهالمرض عدهم خلل بالجين المسؤول عن تصنيع وحدة من هاي البروتينات اللي تصلح الـ DNA. هالشي يأثر على جهازهم العصبي والمناعي ويخليهم معرضين أكثر للإصابة بالسرطان (لأن الخلية السرطانية هي بالنهاية خلية عدها مشكلة بالـ DNA). هالشي ممكن يفسرلك همين ليش ذولة المرضى حساسين كلش للأشعة السينية وممكن تسببلهم سرطان بنسبة أكبر من باقي الناس (بس تبقى شغلة غريبة: ما عدهم فرط حساسية للـ UV رغم أنه همين يسبب ضرر للـ DNA)

وعندك Friedrich's ataxia
هذا يعتبر أكثر سبب شائع للـ inherited ataxia

Since the 18th century, spontaneous remissions of cancer—altogether a very rare event—have been observed repeatedly in connection with febrile infectious diseases, especially those of bacterial origin. In 1866, Busch described complete remissions occurring under erysipelas covering the tumor. In 1882, Fehleisen induced tumor remission with the inoculation of streptococci-causing erysipelas. The French physician Dussosoy dressed an ulcerated breast carcinoma with charpie soaked with gangrenous discharge and inoculated gangrenous matter; the tumor was said to have disappeared. In the 1950s, Huth described 24 remissions of leukemia after bacterial infections. Of a total of 224 spontaneous remissions of cancer reviewed by Stephenson, 62 had occurred under infection or persistent fever 

After Coley's death in 1936, MBV treatment was continued but clinical interest diminished in favor of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, which promised a breakthrough in cancer treatment comparable to antibacterial treatment. In 1961, the thalidomide tragedy occurred and gave rise in the United States to the Kefauver Harris Amendment, which applied strict requirements to preclinical and clinical investigations of new treatments. Although it had been used for 70 years, MBV was at that time classified as a new treatment, necessitating expensive investigations for drug licensing. As MBV is a natural substance and was therefore not patentable, the investment of millions of dollars for testing was unattractive for any drug company. As for academic institutions, other topics were more appealing than an old bacterial treatment dealing essentially with “dirt.”

Interestingly, in contrast to acute inflammation, chronic inflammation increases cancer risk and can affect every aspect of tumor development. Many chronic viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections are a risk factor for developing cancer: Helicobacter pylori in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, Epstein-Barr virus in lymphoma or nasopharyngeal cancer, hepatitis B and C virus in liver cancer, herpes virus type 8 in Kaposi sarcoma, human papillomavirus in cervix or anogenital cancer, Schistosoma in bladder cancer, and others. About 15% to 20% of cancers worldwide are attributed to these infectious agents. Noninfectious chronic inflammatory diseases also are a major risk factor for cancer. Examples include inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer, bronchitis and lung carcinoma, reflux esophagitis and esophageal cancer. Sustained inflammation seems to be the result of an individual's inability to eliminate infection and restore immune homeostasis. Immune and inflammatory cells as well as cytokines can have antitumor- and tumor-promoting functions, depending on the context.

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