Fever, jaundice, and right-upper quadrant abdominal pain (sometimes epigastric)

This triad of signs & symptoms suggests cholengitis (inflammation of the common bile duct) and is present in about two thirds of patients

هذا يسموه Charcot's cholangitis triad
لأن أكو triad ثاني هم اكتشفه Charcot بس ذاك خاص بمرض التصلب المتعدد، يسموه:

Nystagmus, intention tremor, and staccato speech (scanning speech).
This triad is associated with multiple sclerosis.

بالمناسبة، Jean-Martin Charcot جان طبيب فرنسي عاش بالقرن الـ 19. ما بقى مرض لو سالفة بالطب ما حط روحه بيها:
• Charcot joint
• Charcot's triad
• Charcot's other triad
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
• Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm

On history-taking in neurology:

In general, one tends to be careless in estimating the mental capacities of patients. Attempts are sometimes made to take histories from patients who are cognitively impaired or so confused that they have no idea why they are in a doctor’s office or a hospital. Young physicians and students have a natural tendency to “normalize” the patient’s cognitive performance, often collaborating with a hopeful family in the misperception that no real problem exists. This attempt at sympathy does not serve the patient and may delay the diagnosis of a potentially treatable disease. A common error is to pass lightly over inconsistencies in history and inaccuracies about dates and symptoms, only to discover later that these flaws in memory were the essential features of the illness.

Lesions of multiple sclerosis in the brainstem

المرض سموه بهذا الإسم لأنّه يسبب multiple sclerotic lesions in the brain

It's a sprain of the big toe joint resulting from hyperextension, often seen in athletes who play on artificial turf (ثيل صناعي). It can be painful and limit movement, requiring rest, ice, elevation, and possibly taping or bracing for support.

Sand toe, also known as beach toe or beach soccer toe, is the opposite of turf toe and occurs on sandy surfaces, particularly common in beach soccer players. It involves hyperflexion of the big toe joint, leading to pain, swelling, and limited range of motion. Treatment typically involves rest, ice, elevation, and possibly taping or splinting the toe for support.

الفكرة هي أنّه الـ turf toe والـ sand toe ثنينهن إصابات لإصبع الرجل الجبير، بس يكونن متعاكسات.

It's an autosomal recessive disorder. Children with this disorder have cerebellar atrophy in the first year of life, which leads to ataxia and oculo-cutaneous telangiectasia (abnormally dilated blood vessels). These individuals have severe immune deficiency and frequent infections, especially of the respiratory tract. They also have an increased risk of cancer due to inefficient repair mechanisms for DNA damage caused by UV light (DNA hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation).

Four things characterize this syndrome:

• Childhood-onset ataxia
• Telengiectasia
• Recurrent sinopulmonary infections
• High risk of cancer (and hypersensitivity to x-rays)

خلايانا من تنقسم بشكل طبيعي، عادةً يصير بيها بعض الأخطاء والمشاكل بالـ DNA. بس بنفس الوقت عدنا مجموعة إنزيمات شغلها تصلّح هالأخطاء.
الأشخاص المصابين بهالمرض عدهم خلل بالجين المسؤول عن تصنيع وحدة من هاي البروتينات اللي تصلح الـ DNA. هالشي يأثر على جهازهم العصبي والمناعي ويخليهم معرضين أكثر للإصابة بالسرطان (لأن الخلية السرطانية هي بالنهاية خلية عدها مشكلة بالـ DNA). هالشي ممكن يفسرلك همين ليش ذولة المرضى حساسين كلش للأشعة السينية وممكن تسببلهم سرطان بنسبة أكبر من باقي الناس (بس تبقى شغلة غريبة: ما عدهم فرط حساسية للـ UV رغم أنه همين يسبب ضرر للـ DNA)

وعندك Friedrich's ataxia
هذا يعتبر أكثر سبب شائع للـ inherited ataxia