أكو كم structure كلش مهم أنْ تعرفهن وتعرف وظيفتهن بالركبة، لأن يفيدن clinically:
• Cruciate ligaments (anterior & posterior)
• Collateral ligaments (lateral & medial)
• Menisci (lateral & medial)
أكو غيرهن همين مهمات، بس أعتقد ذني أهم شي

Tears of the ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) are common. It is the most frequently injured ligament in the body, for which surgery is performed. The condition is more common in women, and this may be explained by the different alignment of the thigh on the leg in women associated with the wider pelvis. Tears of the PCL are less common.

Positive drawer sign (in ACL & PCL injury)

Injury to the cruciate ligaments is almost always accompanied by damage to other knee structures; the collateral ligaments are commonly torn, or the capsule may be damaged. The joint cavity quickly fills with blood (hemarthrosis) so that the joint is swollen. Examination of patients with a ruptured ACL shows that the tibia can be pulled excessively forward on the femur; with rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament, the tibia can be made to move excessively backward on the femur. Such excessive movement is referred to as a positive drawer sign because the tibial motion is similar to that of opening or closing a drawer.

The medial meniscus is damaged much more frequently than the lateral, and this is probably because of its strong attachment to the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint, which restricts its mobility.

Before plunging a knife into a popliteal swelling (believing it's a popliteal or baker's cyst), make sure that the ‘lump’ is not an aneurysm! If there is any doubt, use a fine needle to aspirate the ‘cyst’.

It's a complex deformity that involves the MTP joint, the sesamoid complex, and the muscles surrounding the joint.

It's etiology is not well understood but is thought to have a genetic predisposition worsened by tight footwear, high heels, and rheumatoid arthritis. Females are affected more than males.

CECS is typically observed in long-distance runners, basketball players, skiers, and soccer players. It is characterized by exercise-induced pain that is relieved by rest. In some cases, weakness and paresthesia may accompany the pain. Onset of symptoms typically occurs at a specific exercise distance or time interval or intensity level (eg, within 15 min of initiating a run).

Symptoms tend to subside with rest and are minimal during normal daily activities but return when activity is resumed.

The pathophysiology of CECS is not well understood and was initially thought to be a form of shin splints. The main feature is increased intra-compartmental pressure during exertion.

الحالة هاي ما عليها هواي أبحاث ومعلومات بكد الـ acute compartment syndrome. أول وصف إلها جان بسنة 1956.

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Our neurology professor in medical school used to diagnose Parkinson’s by just listening to the patient’s footsteps next door; if we couldn’t do the same, he would fail us. Those were the days before high-tech medicine and MRI.

— The Tell-Tale Brain

As I often tell my students, medicine gives you a certain breadth of vision while at the same time imparting an intensely pragmatic attitude. If your theory is right, your patient gets better. If your theory is wrong—no matter how elegant or convincing it may be—she gets worse or dies. There is no better test of whether you are on the right track or not. And this no-nonsense attitude then spills over into your research as well.

— The Tell-Tale Brain

Carpal tunnel syndrome