DSM-V definition of a mental disorder:
A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or development processes underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities. An expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss, such as the death of a loved one, is not a mental disorder. Socially deviant behavior (e.g. political, religious, or sexual) and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual, as described above.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), formerly known as late luteal phase dysphoric disorder, is well described in the psychiatric literature. There is clear evidence that specific psychobiological mechanisms are altered in those with this condition, and that those with this condition may benefit from medical treatments. Still, this entity was not included in DSM-IV, as concerns were raised that the diagnosis would impact negatively on women, confirming stereotypes that they had less ability to fulfil professional obligations. In DSM-5, perhaps partly because of advances in our understanding of and treatment of PMDD, and perhaps partly because of continued advances in gender parity, PMDD was included in the manual.

Also known as,
Imprinted genes

الحمل، من الناحية التطورية، هو عملية تنافس بين الأب اللي يحاول ينقل جيناته للجيل الجاي، وبين الأُم اللي تحاول تحافظ على صحتها و "تحمي نفسها" من الجنين اللي عايش بداخلها 9 أشهر بلا إيجار. لهذا الأب عنده مصلحة بأنّ الجنين يكون سليم وفرص نجاته تكون أعلى، بينما الأُم صحيح همين عدها مصلحة بأنّ الجنين يكون سليم، بس بنفس الوقت ما تريد أنّه يأذيها هي ويستهلكها جسديًا.

لهذا أكو نوع من الجينات يسموهن imprinted genes. هاي الجينات ترث منها نسختين من آباءك ثنينهم (نسخة من أبوك ونسخة من أُمك)، بس تشتغل منهن نسخة وحدة. بعض هاي الجينات، ما تشتغل منهن إلا النسخة اللي ورثتها من أبوك وبهالحالة يسموها paternally expressed gene. أكو جينات ثانية ما تشتغل منها إلا النسخة اللي ورثتها من أُمك وبهالحالة يسموها maternally expressed.

الفكرة هي، بما أنّ الأب يريد ينقل جيناته بأي طريقة، وإنْ كان هالشي على حساب صحة الأُم، فهو رح يورّث أبناءه imprinted genes تخليهم ينمون بسرعة ويتطلبون مواد غذائية هواي وهالشي يتم عن طريق إستغلال الأُم بيولوجيًا. يُعتَقَد أنّ هيج جينات هي المسؤولة عن أشياء مثل سكري الحمل gestational DM (اللي يزيد نسبة السكر الواصل للجنين، مقابل إصابة الأُم بالسكري) ومثل الـ trophoblastic diseases اللي هو عبارة عن خلايا جنينية تتصرف مثل الورم تقريبًا وتنتشر بسرعة وتستهلك موارد الأُم.

بالمقابل، الأُم ممكن تورّث أبناءها imprinted genes تقلل قدرتهم على النمو والوصول للمواد الغذائية حتى ما يستهلكوها ويهددون صحتها وحياتها. يُعتَقَد أنّ هالجينات اللي يرثهن الجنين من الأُم إلهن دور بالإصابة بالـ pre-eclampsia وممكن يقللن وزن الطفل عند الولادة.

"لا ترة مشاكلنا العائلية نحلها بكل هدوء وتفاهم"

.

Jones criteria?

No, it's about the natural history of the disease

Ya I meant they're the major diagnostic criteria

The 3 first symptoms are normally seen within the first 2 months , while the late 2 symptoms will normally take 3 up to 6 months to manifest

بالامتحان خربطت بينهن وبين ال criteria مال infective endocarditis

According to a widespread belief, the average IQ of university students is 115 to 130 IQ points, that is, substantially higher than the average IQ of the general population (100).
Examination of more recent IQ data indicate that IQ of university students and university graduates dropped to the average of the general population. 

The decline in students' IQ is a necessary consequence of increasing educational attainment over the last 80 years. Today, graduating from university is more common than completing high school in the 1940s. 

These findings have wide-ranging implications:
First, universities and professors need to realize that students are no longer extraordinary but merely average, and have to adjust curricula and academic standards.
Second, employers can no longer rely on applicants with university degrees to be more capable or smarter than those without degrees.
Third, students need to realize that acceptance into university is no longer an invitation to join an elite group.

Ankylosing spondylitis can affect the pulmonary system and cause respiratory complications like chest wall restriction, apical fibrobullous disease with or without secondary pulmonary superinfection, spontaneous pneumothorax, and obstructive sleep apnea. 

 A restrictive ventilatory impairment can develop in patients with ankylosing spondylitis because of either fusion of the costovertebral joints and ankylosis of the thoracic spine or anterior chest wall involvement.