In developing countries, clinicians can use WHO ORS sachets or a homemade solution of 3g (1 tablespoon) salt and 18g (6 tablespoons) sugar added to 1L of clean water.

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In pneumothorax, the gases move in and out of the pleural space from the capillaries in the visceral and parietal pleura. The movement of each gas depends upon the gradient between its partial pressure in the capillaries and the pleural space, among other factros. The partial pressure of all gases, on room air, in the capillaries of the pleural space is around 706 mm Hg. Administration of 100% oxygen causes denitrogenation of blood and the total gas pressure in the blood therefore becomes significantly less than that in the pleural space (760 mm Hg in the pleural cavity and 146 mm Hg in the pleural capillary blood when 100% O2 is administered).
This high gradient of pressure between the two adjoining surfaces increases the rate of absorption of air by several fold.

Artificial Disc Replacement (ADR)

ADR is superior to spinal cage because it preserves mobility and was generally found to be a better method to surgically treat degenerative disc disease.

But spinal cage is more preferred than ADR when more than one intervertebral disc is degenerate. That being said, there have been many successful hybrid surgeries where both ADR and spinal cage were used, or where ADR was used on multiple vertebral levels.