Lab Rats In Lab Coats
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In humans, the intracranial rete mirabile exists only in rare pathological cases where the original blood vessel is hypoplastic, or absent altogether. It is reported involving the internal carotid, vertebral and posterior cerebral arteries.
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Rete Mirabile (Marvelous network)
The largest single source of arterial blood supplying the brains of the dog and the cat comes from the maxillary artery over an anastomotic ramus leading to an internal rete mirabile enmeshed in the cavernous sinus.
Lab Rats In Lab Coats
Learning Radiology Recognizing the Basics .pdf
مصدر راديولوجي لطيف
شوفوا الجابتر اللي يفيدكم واقروه
Bot:
Herring radiology is a very good beginner friendly textbook

Highly recommended
Thnx a lot🍻
Hypoglycemia
Lab Rats In Lab Coats
Hypoglycemia
الجهاز العصبي هو أكثر جهاز يتأذى لما ينخفض السكر بالدم لأنّ الخلايا العصبية تعتمد على الـ Glucose بصفته مصدر أساسي للطاقة أكثر من أي مادة ثانية. لهذا الـ hypoglycemia تخوّف أكثر من الـ hyperglycemia لأن ممكن تسبب تلف وإصابة الجهاز العصبي المركزي. ولهذا أيضًا لما المريض يُصاب بالـ hypoglycemia، بغض النظر عن المُسبِّب، فهو راح يعاني من نوعين من الأعراض، ثنينهن إلهن علاقة بالجهاز العصبي:
Neuroglycopenic (Neuro-glyco-penic) & Adrenergic (sympathetic).
Symptoms of hypoglycemia:

Adrenergic symptoms are the result of an activated sympathetic nervous system and catecholamine release (since they are hyperglycemic agents that raise blood glucose). They include: sweating, shakiness, tachycardia, anxiety, and hunger.

Neuroglycopenic symptoms are the result of a CNS that is deprived of glucose. They include: weakness, fatigue, dizziness, inappropriate behavior (that is sometimes attributed to inebriety), difficulty in concentration, blurred vision. They can escalate into seizures, coma, and eventually death.
بالنسبة لأسباب الـ hypoglycemia فهي مختلفة وتتقسم حسب إذا الشخص مُصاب بالسكري أو لا.
مصابين السكري عادةً تصير عدهم هاي الحالة بسبب أخذ جرعة زايدة من الإنسولين (أو جرعة عادية بس بدون أكل لمدة طويلة)، أو جرعة زايدة من الأدوية المخفضة للسكر أو اللي تزيد إفراز الإنسولين Insulin secretagogues (جماعة الـ sulphonylurea مثلًا يزيدن إفراز البنكرياس للإنسولين، وبالنتيجة حالهن حال أخذ جرعة إنسولين زايدة).

الأشخاص العاديين ممكن يصيرلهم هالشي بسبب قلة الأكل fasting hypoglycemia أو حالة لطيفة غريبة يسموها reactive hypoglycemia.
Reactive hypoglycemia
(sugar crash, or postprandial hypoglycemia)
Lab Rats In Lab Coats
Reactive hypoglycemia (sugar crash, or postprandial hypoglycemia)
شايف من تضرب كاهي وكيمر من الصبح لو نص كيلو زنود الست، وراها بـ 3 ساعات إيدك تكوم ترجف وبس تدور شي حلو تاكله؟ هي هاي الـ reactive hypoglycemia.
Lab Rats In Lab Coats
Reactive hypoglycemia (sugar crash, or postprandial hypoglycemia)
Reactive hypoglycemia (RH) is the condition of postprandially (after meal) hypoglycemia occurring 2 to 5 hours after food intake that is rich in simple sugars. It can be classified as:

• Alimentary RH < 2 hours postprandially.
• Idiopathic RH at about 3 hours postprandially.
• Late RH between 3 to 5 hours postprandially.
Causes of Reactive Hypoglycemia (RH)

Idiopathic RH: as the name suggests, we don't know. Maybe it's simply that the terrible amount of simple sugars when ingested at once will cause an abnormal surge of insulin to compensate.

Late RH: this one's a bitch. It can be a harbinger of Diabetes Mellitus type 2 as it is caused by insulin resistance and is more common in obese people who are insulin-resistant.
One of the earliest change before type 2 diabetes is the loss of first-phase insulin release. When the first-phase insulin response decreases, first, blood glucose starts to rise after the meal, which leads to late but excessive secretion of the second-phase insulin secretion. Thus, late RH occurs.

Alimentary RH usually occurs in gastrectomy, and dumping syndrome patients because food (especially one that is high in simple sugars) will reach the intestines more quickly than normal. With this rapid movement of food, most food does not end up getting absorbed into the blood, yet insulin will still be released in high amounts and this will cause hypoglycemia.
Reactive hypoglycemia seldom causes glucose levels to drop low enough to induce severe neuroglycopenic symptoms; therefore, a history of true loss of consciousness is highly suggestive of an etiology other than reactive hypoglycemia.
Postprandial phases of insulin.