المهم

An exact GFR calculation is not necessary, and a 24-hour urine collection is inconvenient and no longer required to estimate it.
We rely, instead, on estimated GFR (eGFR) to monitor renal function. The CKD-EPI formula is the one most used today for eGFR and there are many calculators online for easy use.

TMP/SMX also causes an isolated increase in creatinine (without increasing the serum urea). The elevated creatinine does not necessarily indicate nephrotoxicity (although TMP/SMX can sometimes cause it).

TMP/SMX:
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

الاختصارات بالطب أصعب من الطب

The traditional teaching method of “see one, do one, teach one” in surgical residency programs is simple but still applicable

Notes on ECG:

• RBBB (Right-Bundle Branch Block) is usually benign and can be considered a normal variant in ECG, while LBBB is always pathological.

• Right-axis deviation can be benign especially in tall, thin people. While left-axis deviation is always pathological.

• 1st degree heart block and Mobitz l (wenckebach phenomenon) are also relatively benign in themselves, although they can be signs for other abnormalities like coronary heart disease. Mobitz ll is always pathological.

To be clear ماعرف اذا داخلات بالامتحان لو لا

So don't take my word for it

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To cure night-blindness in ancient Egypt, fried ox liver was to be taken, possibly a tried-and-tested procedure, as liver is rich in vitamin A, lack of which causes the illness.

but other remedies sound more exotic, including a drink prepared from black ass testicles, or a mixture of vulva and penis extracts and a black lizard, designed to cure baldness. Also good for hair growth was a compound of hippopotamus, lion, crocodile, goose, snake and ibex fat.

- The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, by Roy Porter

فيتامين A بيه قصص غريبة:
أولًا، الكميات الزايدة منه تنخزن بالكبد لأنّه فيتامين ذائب بالدهون.

النقص مالته يسبب العشى الليلي (من بين أشياء أُخرى)، اللي هو فقدان الرؤية بالليل وبالضوء الضعيف، بس بالنهار تكون رؤيتك جيدة نسبيًا.
المصريين القدماء جانوا يعالجون العشى الليلي، اللي هو من أعراض نقص فيتامين A باستخدام كبد ثور مقلي بالدهن لأنه ببساطة يحتوي على فيتامين A فيعوّض النقص.

بالمقابل، الإنويت Inuit (نفسهم الإسكيمو) يمتنعون عن أكل كبد الدببة القطبية ونوع من الفقمات (bearded seals) لأن كمية فيتامين A اللي بيهن كافية حتى تسببلهم تسمم:
Hypervitaminosis A

Also, too much vitamin A (hypervitaminosis A) can cause hypercalcemia

Some toxic effects of vitamin A also have been observed in infants fed large amounts of chicken liver daily for one month or longer; each serving contained 36,000 international units, which is more than 20 times the RDA* for this age group.

*Required Daily Amount

Make frequent visits; be especially careful in your examinations . . . Keep a watch also on the faults of the patients, which often make them lie about the taking of things prescribed. For through not taking disagreeable drinks, purgative or other, they sometimes die. What they have done never results in a confession, but the blame is thrown upon the physician.

- Decorum (honourable conduct), by Hippocrates

قُم بزياراتٍ متكررة؛ وكُن حذرًا بشكلٍ خاص أثناء فحص المريض . . . إبقَ منتبهًا كذلكَ للتَقصيرِ من جانبِ المرضى والذي يجعلُهم يكذبون حيال أخذِ ما وُصِفَ لهم. إذ مِن خلالِ عدم أخذِ الأدويةِ التي تزعجهم، كالمسهِّلاتِ وغيرِها، فإنّهم يموتونَ أحيانًا. وَهُم لا يعترفونَ أبدًا بما فعلوه، بل يُلقى اللومُ على الطبيب.

- أبُقراط، عن السلوك المُشَرِّف [في ممارسة الطب]

Drugs don't work in patients who don't take them.

DOT treatment of TB