+ Patients with either DM type 1 or 2 should be checked annually by an ophthalmologist.
Only if the patient's glucose is tightly controlled, and they don't have a sign of DR, then the check up can be made once every 2 years.

The risk of fetal ARDS during cesarean is more than that in normal delivery. One of the causes: during normal delivery the fetus is under stress, thus fetal corticosteroid will be secreted.

Is the deformity and fragmentation of the bones and joints of the foot and ankle that occur secondary to loss of sensation (neuropathy) and is most often associated with diabetic neuropathy.

It's also called: Charcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy

There are two commonly accepted theories used to describe the pathogenesis of Charcot joints: neuro-traumatic and neuro-vascular. The neuro-traumatic theory proposes that neuropathy, and repeated micro-trauma produces joint destruction. The neuro-vascular theory suggests the increased peripheral blood flow results in osteolysis and demineralization.

بالمقابل أكو مرض ثاني يسموه Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
يعتبر أكثر مرض عصبي وراثي شيوعًا:

The foot of Charcot vs Charcot-Marie-tooth
*وحدة عكس اللخ*

A condition of protracted nausea and vomiting of pregnancy with the triad of more than 5% prepregnancy weight loss, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.

Risk factors:

- Multiple pregnancy
- Nulliparity
- Obesity
- Metabolic disturbances
- History of HG in a previous pregnancy
- Trophoblastic disorders
- Psychological disorders
- History of migraine

Thus fetal growth restriction may occur, maternal hyponatraemia, thiamine deficiency which leads to Wernicke's encephalopathy, kidney failure, central pontine myelinolysis (CPM), stroke, vasospasms of cerebral arteries, seizures, coagulopathy, hypoglycemia, and Mallory-Weiss tears which may cause haematemesis.

There are many conditions may cause NVP:
UTI, DKA, Thyrotoxicosis, Addison, pyelonephritis, hepatitis, preeclampsia, migraine, vestibular diseases and others.
So according to that we should do appropriate tests for exclusion.
Those tests include: Urinalysis, Random blood sugar, Serum electrolytes, Liver function tests, Serum amylase, and even US to exclude H.mole and multiple pregnancy.

Actually—and paradoxically—FGR is not a complication of HG.

And CPM is not a direct complication of it. It's an iatrogenic injury that results in correcting sodium levels too quickly

شنو NVP؟...

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