Oligo* not poly

هي الـ preeclampsia ممكن تسببهم ثنينهم
بس الـ poly ممكن تسبب preeclampsia (فهي الفكرة جانت انو علاقة الـ preeclampsia بالـ poly علاقة متبادلة😂)

In HBA1c (السكر التراكمي) test:

• Falsely low values can occur in patients with rapid red cell turnover, such as in hemoglobinopathies, active hemolysis, erythropoietin treatment, and stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease.

• Falsely high values can be seen when red cell turnover is low, such as in iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency.

• African American patients tend to have slightly higher HbA1c levels

New diabetic patients may have abnormal results on only 1 test; in 1 study, one-third of new diabetes cases were detected by FPG (Fasting Plasma Glucose) testing only, one-third by HbA1c testing only, and one-third by both tests.

Patients with normal HbA1c levels may still have diabetes by fasting glucose criteria.

The most common drugs that cause drug-induced SLE are:
• Hydralazine
• Procainamide
• Quinine
• Isoniazid
• Minocycline.

Drugs most commonly associated with drug-induced Subacute Cutaneous Lupus (SCLE) include:
• Calcium-channel blockers
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
• Thiazide diuretics
• TNF-alpha antagonists. 

Source: Gynaecology By Ten Teachers
18th edition

Stages:
• Non-Proliferative (NPDR)
• Proliferative (PDR)
• Diabetic Macular Edema (DME)

Pathophysiology of NPDR

ممتأكد، بس اعتقد هذا البيشنت عنده DME همين

Pathophysiology of PDR

Pathophysiology of DME

Renal disease, as evidenced by proteinuria and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine levels, is an excellent predictor of retinopathy; both conditions are caused by DM-related microangiopathies, and the presence and severity of one reflects that of the other. Aggressive treatment of the nephropathy may slow progression of diabetic retinopathy and neovascular glaucoma.

Glycated IgG is associated with inflammation and is a target for auto-antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis patients