In most patients, the distinction between type 1 and type 2 DM is clear. Thus, the primary tasks of the clinician are to determine:

• Who should be tested for diabetes
• Who has diabetes
• Which complications to monitor
• How to treat the patient.

It's so damn interesting

Pathophysiology

Clinical presentation

صوت الديچ😂

مال جيراننا😂
كفرني بحياتي هذا

لا ترى كيوت😂

Just for the record
حيدر يقرا برة حتى جاذبية القمر تسحب الدم لدماغة ويركز أكثر

Is that werewolf but for nerds?

الاعرفه الديج يصيح الفجر
هذا حتى العصر يصيح...

ديحاول يتواصل وياك:

Yeah, something like this

Hypothyroidism increases the risk of cardiovascular disease by both genetic and non-genetic mediated ways.

Non-genetic ways include endothelial dysfunction, and disrupting lipid metabolism (increasing serum cholesterol).

Genetic ways involve the myocytes reverting into a fetal genotype and phenotype: usually the cardiac muscle depends on lipids as the main source of energy. Hypothyroidism causes myocytes to change into a fetal phenotype which depends on glucose rather than lipids. This reduces the energy yield and puts the heart in a state of energy insufficiency.

Therefore, low thyroid hormone levels should be interpreted as a cardiovascular risk factor.

Hyperthyroidism (HT) is also a risk factor of cardiovascular disease by means of causing high-output heart failure:
HT increases the metabolism in the whole body, and even though HT increases contractility and heart rate (and therefore cardiac output), this is not enough for the heart to meet the body's demands. And since the heart can't keep up, it's a heart failure... But with high-output.