RBCs abnormalities seen in blood film of anemic patients due to chronic diseases especially Liver and renal fauilre.

Huntington disease-like 2 👁️

There’s a whole entity of diseases called: “Neuroacanthocytosis”

Philadelphia chromosome :The reciprocal translocation commonly found in people with chronic myeloid leukemia
In healthy individuals, the abl gene is located on chromosome 9, and bcr gene is on chromosome 22.
In certain forms of myelogenous leukemia, a reciprocal translocation causes the abl gene to fuse with bcr gene.
This combined gene, under the control of the bcr promoter, encodes an abnormal fusion protein that overexpresses the tyrosine kinase function of the ABL protein in white blood cells leads to leukemia.

لذلك بالعلاج ينطوهم tyrosine kinase inhibitors
مثل الـ imatinib

This blood film is crying

Teardrop cells or Dacryocytes

Characteristically seen in Extramedullary hematopoiesis
◦ Conditions associated with bone marrow infiltration (e.g., myelofibrosis)
◦ Thalassemia
◦ Splenomegaly

Bot:
كملاحظة جانبية:
Spur cell (acanthocyte) should be distinguished from burr cell (echinocyte).
Both are spiculated but,
Spur cell have irregularly spaced thorn-like projections and little or no central pallor, seen in abetalipoproteinemia and liver disease.
In burr cell, projections are rounded and evenly spaced around the cell and the cell has a central pallor, seen in uremia & pyruvate kinase deficiency.

ال echinocyte تشبه العشر فلوس😂

Macroscopic hematuria is most likely caused by malignancy, followed by renal stones.

Breast milk jaundice
Studies have shown that Beta glucuronidase enzyme's activity within formula milk is negligible, but it is considerable in human breast milk.

الطفل قبل ان ينولد عندة كميات كبيرة من ال RBC حتى ياخذ اكبر قدر ممكن من الاوكسجين من الأم، بس من ينولد ويبدي يتنفس وحده بعد ميحتاج هالكم فتبدي ال RBCs الزايدة تتكسر…

Wtf is this :")

باختصار:
الـ nephritic تصير بالعادة بسبب تلف الـ GBM¹ وعلامتها المميزة هي الـ hematuria.

الـ Nephrotic تصير بالعادة بسبب إصابة الـ podocytes وعلامتها المميزة هي الـ proteinuria.
ثنينهن يعتبرن علامات أو متلازمات تابعات لأمراض معينة، يعني مو تشخيص بحد ذاته. وثنينهن يعتبرن طرفين متعاكسين ضمن طيف من الأعراض (مثلًا أكو أمراض تكون بالنص، بحيث تظهر بيها أعراض هي مزيج بين الـ nephrotic والـ nephritic). وأكو بعد تفاصيل هواي، بس هي هاي الأشياء الأساسية.


¹GBM: Glomerular Basement Membrane

Minimal change disease is the most commom cause of nephrotic syndrome in children (it can occur at all age groups. But in adults, it is associated with poorer response to treatment).

And membranous nephropathy is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults (but can occur in children as well).

Glomerulonephritis

While glomerulonephritis literally means ‘inflammation of glomeruli’, the term is often used more broadly to describe all types of glomerular disease, even though some of these (e.g. minimal change nephropathy) are not associated with inflammation.
Most types of glomerulonephritis are immunologically mediated and several respond to immunosuppressive drugs. And they are generally classified in terms of the histopathological appearances (e.g. segmental, minimal change,...etc).

That being said, many non-specialists find the terminology used in describing glomerulonephritis to be confusing.

Terminology of glomerulonephritis (you'll need it, trust me)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can cause almost any histological injury pattern, most commonly membranous nephropathy or diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis.

Patient with sickle cell trait may come only with haematuria, due to the infarction of renal papillae.