All types of simple goitre are more common in the female than in the male owing to the presence of oestrogen receptors in thyroid tissue.

Both simple goitre and autoimmune thyroiditis frequently coexist, so we need to asses circulating thyroid antibodies to exclude autoimmune thyroiditis..

It’s contraindication in immunocompromised patients, there’s a risk of TB development.

There’s a type of microglia, or brain-specific immune cell, that was present only in humans.
These human-specific microglia type exists throughout development and adulthood, some researchers found, suggesting the cells play a role in maintenance of the brain upkeep rather than combatting disease.

An analysis of gene expression in the microglia revealed another human-specific surprise, the presence of the gene FOXP2. This discovery raised great interest because variants of FOXP2 have been linked to verbal dyspraxia -a condition in which patients have difficulty producing language or speech-, Other studies have also shown that FOXP2 is associated with other neuropsychiatric diseases, such as autism, schizophrenia, and epilepsy.

And they found that what makes us human may also makes us susceptible to neuropsychiatric diseases.

That’s super interesting

DOC4KS ..
Common drugs may cause gynecomastia
D: digoxin
O: oral contraceptive pills
C4 :
Cimetidine
Clomiphene
Captopril
Calcium channel blockers
K: ketoconazole
S: spironolactone

BTW:

ردت اسولف شلون الـ liver cirrhosis يسوي gynecomastia بس تذكرت حيدر حاجي هنا سو ياه

FOXP2
That's the language gene, isn't it

FOXP2 is usually called "the language gene." It exists in many animals and is usually conserved (unchanged) in mammals, except in humans, where it had some mutations.


So, what did researchers do?
They took the human version of FOXP2 and inserted it in the mouse genome... Now, guess what happened:
These mice acquired skills and information faster than the normal mice.

So maybe what the mutations of the language gene did, is that they accelerated our already-existing ability to learn language, rather than "give us" the ability in the first place.

Spironolactone blocks the androgen receptors and decreases testosterone production from testes. In addition it displaces testosterone from sex hormone-binding globulin, and enhances the metabolic clearance of testosterone. It increases the levels of estrogen by enhancing peripheral conversion of testosterone to estradiol.

10% of patients treated with spironolactone will develop gynecomastia.

Eplerenone, on the other hand, does not have the same anti-androgenic effect as spironolactone, and only 0.5% are affected by gynecomastia.

That's why:
You can use eplerenone in patients who cannot tolerate the anti-androgenic effect of spironolactone.

Laparoscopic cystogastrostomy:
They basically make an opening about 4 cm between the posterior wall of stomach and anterior wall of the cyst.

Also known as, Infections Mononucleosis, and Glandular fever

Clinical picture

Pathophysiology