They both are signs of retroperitoneal bleeding. But they are so unspecific.

50 cases about GIT and its imaging

A great book that u'll thank me for it

+ it's only 50 cases so u can read one or two cases/day and really try to understand them and the logic behind them

Hypomagnesemia (low serum magnesium) causes hypocalcemia that cannot be corrected unless magnesium is normalized. This is because magnesium is required for the secretion as well as the action of PTH, which is in turn responsible for calcium homeostasis.

The Ranson criteria for pancreatitis

It's a nonmalignant mass (the most common type of pancreatic masses) that develops in cases of pancreatitis (recurrent acute or chronic), and in children after abdominal trauma.
It's a "pseudo" cyst because it's lined by fibrous and vascular tissue rather than epithelium. And is filled with amylase and other pancreatic enzymes.

The signs & symptoms (Ssx) are non-specific and include abdominal pain, anorexia, and sepsis in case it got infected. If the cyst is in the pancreatic head, it can press on, and therefore obstruct, the common bile duct and cause symptoms similar to biliary disease.

CT scan is the test of choice. Serum CEA-125 test is usually obtained too to check whether the mass is malignant or not. Serum amylase and lipase are usually not elevated and not specific anyway.

Treatment is usually only supportive care in asymptomatic pseudocysts, and drainage in symptomatic ones.

Pancreatic pseudocyst

Bowel obstruction (BO) can be divided to large bowel obstruction (LBO) & small bowel obstruction (SBO)

They represent about 4% of all causes of abdominal pain. But their complications can be so severe that they are a must-not-miss diagnosis. The complications include bowel infarction, sepsis, and peritonitis.

Most bowel obstructions are SBO, and most SBOs are due to adhesions after an abdominal surgery (that's why a prior ab. surgery is a highly predisposing factor). They can also be caused my malignant masses, indigestible material, hernias, IBD strictures (scar tissue in the intestinal wall), and abdominal TB.

Most LBOs on the other hand are due to a malignant mass obstructing the lumen. Other causes include sigmoidal volvulus, and diverticular disease (idk why).

CT remains the gold standard for diagnosing BO. But ultrasound can be as useful in monitoring stable patients and in emergency cases. It should be noted that U/S is more accurate at diagnosing and monitoring SBOs than LBOs.

Oh, and these patients should be monitored closely because the obstruction may progress to ischemia and then infarction without obvious clinical signs, since fever, leukocytosis, and metabolic acidosis develop AFTER the infarction has occured.

تصير لما الكالسيوم يتجمع بجدار المرارة. عادةً تكون asymptomatic ونكتشفها بالصدفة، ومرات نكتشفها كـ palpable mass in the RUQ.
بعض الدراسات تكول أنها تزيد خطر الإصابة بسرطان المرارة adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder ولهذا الإجراء الشائع هو إزالتها عند اكتشافها، رغم أنّ نسبة الخطر تختلف حسب الدراسات وتتراوح بين 6% إلى 21%