Porto-systemic shunts (PSS) & esophageal varices

Hepatic encephalopathy

More hepatic encephalopathy (covert vs overt)

Signs & symptoms of cirrhosis

And that's it... تعبت

They both are signs of retroperitoneal bleeding. But they are so unspecific.

50 cases about GIT and its imaging

A great book that u'll thank me for it

+ it's only 50 cases so u can read one or two cases/day and really try to understand them and the logic behind them

Hypomagnesemia (low serum magnesium) causes hypocalcemia that cannot be corrected unless magnesium is normalized. This is because magnesium is required for the secretion as well as the action of PTH, which is in turn responsible for calcium homeostasis.

The Ranson criteria for pancreatitis

It's a nonmalignant mass (the most common type of pancreatic masses) that develops in cases of pancreatitis (recurrent acute or chronic), and in children after abdominal trauma.
It's a "pseudo" cyst because it's lined by fibrous and vascular tissue rather than epithelium. And is filled with amylase and other pancreatic enzymes.

The signs & symptoms (Ssx) are non-specific and include abdominal pain, anorexia, and sepsis in case it got infected. If the cyst is in the pancreatic head, it can press on, and therefore obstruct, the common bile duct and cause symptoms similar to biliary disease.

CT scan is the test of choice. Serum CEA-125 test is usually obtained too to check whether the mass is malignant or not. Serum amylase and lipase are usually not elevated and not specific anyway.

Treatment is usually only supportive care in asymptomatic pseudocysts, and drainage in symptomatic ones.

Pancreatic pseudocyst