Virchow's triad of venous thrombosis

- Hypercoagulability
- Endothelial injury
- blood stasis

Diabetes Insipidus (DI) has 2 causes:

Neurogenic:
Anything that impairs the function of the hypothalamus or the pituitary (a tumor, trauma, or infection) so it's no longer able to produce ADH (vasopressin).

Nephrogenic:
Anything that makes the kidney insensitive to ADH (Vasopressin) like:
- Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
- Amyloidosis
- Hypokalemia
- Hypercalcemia
- Lithium toxicity

Itching & liver disease

Pruritus is a common comorbidity in chronic liver disease and kidney disease. These patients frequently complain of pruritus despite having no rash or skin findings. Patients with chronic liver disease develop systemic itch that significantly impairs activity and sleep. 

Pruritis can also happen with CKD patients but is usually due to urea, unlike in liver disease where it happens due to bile salts deposits under the skin.

Pruritis: The fancy medical term for itching

Diphtheria presentation and management

Intro

Hight risk group

Case presentation

Management

Forgot to mention that we should give the confirmed cases antitoxin serum and if he/she showed hypersensitive it’s recommended to inject hydrocortisone with the serum.

Guillan-Barré syndrome

A summary of the above

Microbiology of Campylobacter

Compylobacter jejuni,
A type of bacteria that causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, and increases the risk for Guillan-Barré syndrome