🔴ADR OF ALFA BLOCKERS🔴
➡️Hypotension
➡️Arrhythmias
➡️Nasal Congestion
➡️Headache
➡️Abdominal Pain
➡️Nausea
➡️Exacerbation of peptic ulcer
🔴ADR OF BETA BLOCKERS🔴
➡️Bronchoconstriction
➡️Bradycardia
➡️Cold extremities
➡️CNS side effects
➡️Heart failure
➡️Hypoglycemia
➡️Rebound hypertension
➡️Adverse lipid profile
➡️Hypotension
➡️Arrhythmias
➡️Nasal Congestion
➡️Headache
➡️Abdominal Pain
➡️Nausea
➡️Exacerbation of peptic ulcer
🔴ADR OF BETA BLOCKERS🔴
➡️Bronchoconstriction
➡️Bradycardia
➡️Cold extremities
➡️CNS side effects
➡️Heart failure
➡️Hypoglycemia
➡️Rebound hypertension
➡️Adverse lipid profile
MCQ NO 751 | Pharmacology
Ibuprofen has a pKa of 5.5. If the pH of the patient's urine is 7.5. What is the ratio of dissociated to undissociated drug?
Ibuprofen has a pKa of 5.5. If the pH of the patient's urine is 7.5. What is the ratio of dissociated to undissociated drug?
Anonymous Quiz
24%
A) 1:100
32%
B) 1:2
32%
C) 100:1
11%
D) 20:1
MCQ NO 752 | Pharmacology
Sulfonamides are metabolised by humans principally by *
Sulfonamides are metabolised by humans principally by *
Anonymous Quiz
51%
A )acetylation
26%
B) deamination
10%
C )oxidation
13%
D )conjugation
MCQ NO 753 | pharmaceutics
Which of the following when dispensed should carry the cautionary label: "REFRIGERATE - DO NOT FREEZE"?
Which of the following when dispensed should carry the cautionary label: "REFRIGERATE - DO NOT FREEZE"?
Anonymous Quiz
11%
A )doxycycline capsules
32%
B )ampicillin syrup
37%
C) slow release potassium supplements
20%
D )co-trimoxazole suspension
MCQ NO 754 | pharmaceutics
Active immunity can be conferred by the administration of
Active immunity can be conferred by the administration of
Anonymous Quiz
15%
A) antitoxins
26%
B) antisera
18%
C) prostaglandins
42%
D) vaccines
MCQ NO 755 | pharmaceutical chemistry
Which of the following drugs is LEAST likely to cause electrolyte imbalance?
Which of the following drugs is LEAST likely to cause electrolyte imbalance?
Anonymous Quiz
20%
A) hydrochlorothiazide
33%
B) aluminium hydroxide
26%
C) potassium chloride
20%
D) frusemide
MCQ NO 756 | Pharmacology
Which of the following drugs has an anti-inflammatory action?
Which of the following drugs has an anti-inflammatory action?
Anonymous Quiz
19%
A) codeine
21%
B) pethidine
47%
C) meloxicam
13%
D) propoxyphene
MCQ NO 757 | pharmaceutics
An ingredient that is added to a tablet formula to improve flow properties into a die for compression is known as a/an
An ingredient that is added to a tablet formula to improve flow properties into a die for compression is known as a/an
Anonymous Quiz
9%
A) disintegrant
23%
B) dissolution-enhancing agent
65%
C) lubricant
4%
D) surfactant
MCQ NO 758 | Pharmacology
Foetal abnormality shown during the period of organogenesis –
Foetal abnormality shown during the period of organogenesis –
Anonymous Quiz
11%
A. Cleft palate
11%
B. Miscarriage
19%
C. Development abnormality
59%
D. All of these
MCQ NO 759 | Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics
The marker used to measure the volume of real physiological compartments… Choose the correct pair.
The marker used to measure the volume of real physiological compartments… Choose the correct pair.
Anonymous Quiz
31%
A. Plasma - Evans blue
29%
B. Erythrocytes – indocyanine green
20%
C. Total body water – Cr-51
19%
D. Extracellular fluid-Deuterium oxide
MCQ NO 760 | Pharmacology
Molecular weight of haemoglobin is
Molecular weight of haemoglobin is
Anonymous Quiz
32%
A. 64,500
19%
B. 59,000
34%
C. 65,000
16%
D. 20000-34000
🔴DEFINITION
🔶Glaucoma:
A condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight.
🔶Open-angle glaucoma:
Glaucoma is a condition of the eye that leads to progressive atrophy of the optic nerve in the presence of an open angle.
🔶Angle-closure glaucoma:
This condition can be acute or chronic. It consists of increased pressure in the front chamber (anterior chamber) of the eye due to sudden (acute) or slowly progressive (chronic) blockage of the normal circulation of fluid within the eye.
🔶Secondary glaucoma :
Secondary glaucoma refers to any form of glaucoma in which there is an identifiable cause of increased eye pressure, resulting in optic nerve damage and vision loss.
🔶Childhood glaucoma:
This is a rare condition that may be inherited, caused by incorrect development of the eye’s drainage system before birth. This leads to increased intraocular pressure, which in turn damages the optic nerve.
🔶Glaucoma:
A condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight.
🔶Open-angle glaucoma:
Glaucoma is a condition of the eye that leads to progressive atrophy of the optic nerve in the presence of an open angle.
🔶Angle-closure glaucoma:
This condition can be acute or chronic. It consists of increased pressure in the front chamber (anterior chamber) of the eye due to sudden (acute) or slowly progressive (chronic) blockage of the normal circulation of fluid within the eye.
🔶Secondary glaucoma :
Secondary glaucoma refers to any form of glaucoma in which there is an identifiable cause of increased eye pressure, resulting in optic nerve damage and vision loss.
🔶Childhood glaucoma:
This is a rare condition that may be inherited, caused by incorrect development of the eye’s drainage system before birth. This leads to increased intraocular pressure, which in turn damages the optic nerve.
🔴MECHANISM OF ACTION🔴
📌BETA BLOCKERS
▪In glacuma beta blockers act by lowering the intraocular tension by reducing aqueous formation.
▪This results in down the regulation of adenylate cyclase due to beta2 receptor blockade in the ciliary epithelium.
📌PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES
▪It increases the uveo-scleral outflow of aqueous humor and also increases conventional trabecular outflow.
▪It acts by remodelling the structure of matrix metallo-proteinases. This causes change in shape of the cells and widening of the spaces filled with connective tissue resulting in decreased resistance and increased drainage.
▪The receptors of prostaglandins are located on TM, ciliary muscle and sclera and hence prostaglandins can affect the aqueous drainage
📌CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
▪Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduces the aqueous formation by limiting generation of bicarbonate ion in the ciliary epithelium in the glacuma
For eg. Acetazolamide and dorzolamide
📌 MIOTICS
Miotics work by contraction of the ciliary muscle, tightening the trabecular meshwork and allowing increased outflow of aqueous through traditional pathways. Miosis results from action of these drugs on the pupillary sphincter.
📌BETA BLOCKERS
▪In glacuma beta blockers act by lowering the intraocular tension by reducing aqueous formation.
▪This results in down the regulation of adenylate cyclase due to beta2 receptor blockade in the ciliary epithelium.
📌PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES
▪It increases the uveo-scleral outflow of aqueous humor and also increases conventional trabecular outflow.
▪It acts by remodelling the structure of matrix metallo-proteinases. This causes change in shape of the cells and widening of the spaces filled with connective tissue resulting in decreased resistance and increased drainage.
▪The receptors of prostaglandins are located on TM, ciliary muscle and sclera and hence prostaglandins can affect the aqueous drainage
📌CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
▪Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduces the aqueous formation by limiting generation of bicarbonate ion in the ciliary epithelium in the glacuma
For eg. Acetazolamide and dorzolamide
📌 MIOTICS
Miotics work by contraction of the ciliary muscle, tightening the trabecular meshwork and allowing increased outflow of aqueous through traditional pathways. Miosis results from action of these drugs on the pupillary sphincter.
🔴ADR OF PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES🔴
➡️Conjunctiva hyperaemia
➡️Increase in iris pigmentation
➡️Eyelash changes
➡️Periocular pigmentation
➡️Cystoid macular oedema
🔴ADR OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS🔴
➡️Diarrhea
➡️Discomfort or illness
➡️Numbness
➡️Tingling
➡️Burning in hands
➡️Weight loss
🔴ADR OF MIOTICS🔴
➡️Spasm
➡️Frontal headaches
➡️Twitching lids
➡️Cataractous changes
➡️Iris cysts
➡️Retinal detachment
➡️Conjunctiva hyperaemia
➡️Increase in iris pigmentation
➡️Eyelash changes
➡️Periocular pigmentation
➡️Cystoid macular oedema
🔴ADR OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS🔴
➡️Diarrhea
➡️Discomfort or illness
➡️Numbness
➡️Tingling
➡️Burning in hands
➡️Weight loss
🔴ADR OF MIOTICS🔴
➡️Spasm
➡️Frontal headaches
➡️Twitching lids
➡️Cataractous changes
➡️Iris cysts
➡️Retinal detachment
MCQ NO 761 | Pharmacology
Patients treated with the following anticancer drug are likely to develop a disulfiram like reaction on taking alcohol:
Patients treated with the following anticancer drug are likely to develop a disulfiram like reaction on taking alcohol:
Anonymous Quiz
16%
A .Dacarbazine
45%
B. Procarbazine
29%
C. Melphalan
9%
D. Hydroxyurea
MCQ NO 762 | Pharmacology
The following is true about use of prednisolone in malignant diseases except:
The following is true about use of prednisolone in malignant diseases except:
Anonymous Quiz
21%
A. It is curative in acute childhood leukaemia
28%
B. It is used in Hodgkin’s disease
33%
C. It controls hypercalcaemia in patients with bony metastasis
18%
D. It affords symptomatic relief in most cancer patients
MCQ NO 763 | Pharmacology
The following does not apply to cancer chemotherapy:
The following does not apply to cancer chemotherapy:
Anonymous Quiz
29%
A. Each treatment with a cytotoxic drug kills a constant number of malignant cells
25%
B. Drugs are generally used at maximum tolerated doses
26%
C.same regimen which palliative for large solid tumour may curative after surgical removal of tumour
20%
D.Combination regimens using several drugs in succession are superior to single drug used continuous
MCQ NO 764 | Pharmacology
Select the cell cycle nonspecific antineoplastic drug:
Select the cell cycle nonspecific antineoplastic drug:
Anonymous Quiz
26%
A. Vincristine
25%
B. Bleomycin
25%
C. Methotrexate
23%
D. 5-Fluorouracil
MCQ NO 765 | Pharmacology
Transdermal drug delivery systems offer the following advantages except:
Transdermal drug delivery systems offer the following advantages except:
Anonymous Quiz
21%
A. They produce high peak plasma concentration of the drug
31%
B. They produce smooth and nonfluctuating plasma concentration of the drug
26%
C. They minimise interindividual variations in the achieved plasma drug concentration
22%
D. They avoid hepatic first-pass metabolism of the drug
MCQ NO 766 | Hospital and clinical pharmacy
Concept of District hospital :
Concept of District hospital :
Anonymous Quiz
10%
A.Clinical service
10%
B.Clinical support
16%
C.Only A
63%
D.Both A&B