MCQ NO 767 | Pharmacology
Following a constant infusion: *
Following a constant infusion: *
Anonymous Quiz
24%
A. the time to reach a plateau concentration depends upon the rate of infusion
37%
B.all drugs having same clearance reach same plateau concentration when infused at the same rate
26%
C drugs with the same clearance generally reach the plateau concentration at the same time
13%
D amt of drug at plateau can't same when drugs with different clearance values infused at same rate
MCQ NO 768 l Pharmacology
Essential drugs are:
Essential drugs are:
Anonymous Quiz
17%
A.Life saving drugs
59%
B.Drugs that meet the priority health care needs of population
15%
C.Drugs that must be present in the emergency bag of doctor
8%
D.Drugs that are listed in tha pharmacopoia of country
MCQ NO 769 l Pharmacology
An 'orphan drug' is....
An 'orphan drug' is....
Anonymous Quiz
6%
A.A very cheap drug
10%
B.A drug which has no therapeutic use
76%
C.A drug needed for treatment or prevention of rare disease
9%
D.A drug which acts on Orphanin receptors
MCQ NO.770 I Pharmacology
Drug administered through the following route is most likely to be subjected to first-pass metabolism:
Drug administered through the following route is most likely to be subjected to first-pass metabolism:
Anonymous Quiz
74%
A.Oral
14%
B.Sublingual
8%
C.Subcutaneous
4%
D.Rectal
🔴DEFINITION
🔶Molality =
Molality is defined as the “total moles of a solute contained in a kilogram of a solvent.”
🔶Molarity=
Molarity is defined as the "number of moles of solute per liter of solution."
🔶Capsule=
Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicament or inert substances are enclosed within a small shell generally prepared from gelatin.
🔶Tablets=
Tablets may be defined as compressed solid unit dosage form of medicament or medicaments with suitable excipients.
🔶Normality
is a measure of concentration equal to the gram equivalent weight per litre of solution.
🔶Molality =
Molality is defined as the “total moles of a solute contained in a kilogram of a solvent.”
🔶Molarity=
Molarity is defined as the "number of moles of solute per liter of solution."
🔶Capsule=
Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicament or inert substances are enclosed within a small shell generally prepared from gelatin.
🔶Tablets=
Tablets may be defined as compressed solid unit dosage form of medicament or medicaments with suitable excipients.
🔶Normality
is a measure of concentration equal to the gram equivalent weight per litre of solution.
🔴 DEFINITION
🔶Histamine =
Histamine a compound which is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.
🔶Histamine agonist =
A histamine agonist is a drug which causes increased activity at one or more of the four histamine receptor subtypes.
🔶Amines=
Amines an organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups.
🔶Vaccines =
Vaccines are the antigenic material consisting of the whole microorganisms or one of its products.
🔶Erosion corrosion =
Erosion is mechanical process and corrosion is a electro chemical process. They combine in a situation to protect metal from the corrosion.
🔶Histamine =
Histamine a compound which is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.
🔶Histamine agonist =
A histamine agonist is a drug which causes increased activity at one or more of the four histamine receptor subtypes.
🔶Amines=
Amines an organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups.
🔶Vaccines =
Vaccines are the antigenic material consisting of the whole microorganisms or one of its products.
🔶Erosion corrosion =
Erosion is mechanical process and corrosion is a electro chemical process. They combine in a situation to protect metal from the corrosion.
🔴 MECHANISM OF ACTION 🔴
📌 HISTAMINE
▪Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.
▪ Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of itching.
▪As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues.
▪Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues.
▪ It consists of an imidazole ring attached to an ethylamine chain; under physiological conditions, the amino group of the side-chain is protonated
📌 histamine exerts its effects primarily by binding to G protein-coupled histamine receptors, designated H1 to H4
📌 HISTAMINE
▪Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.
▪ Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of itching.
▪As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues.
▪Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues.
▪ It consists of an imidazole ring attached to an ethylamine chain; under physiological conditions, the amino group of the side-chain is protonated
📌 histamine exerts its effects primarily by binding to G protein-coupled histamine receptors, designated H1 to H4
MCQ NO.771 | Pathophysiology
Which cytokine functions as an activator of macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells?
Which cytokine functions as an activator of macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells?
Anonymous Quiz
15%
IFN-γ (interferon γ)
31%
IL-2 (interleukin 2)
47%
TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α)
8%
TGF-β (transforming growth factor β)
MCQ NO.772 | Pathophysiology
Which one of the following genetic diseases is a chromosomal disorder?
Which one of the following genetic diseases is a chromosomal disorder?
Anonymous Quiz
15%
Cystic fibrosis
15%
Hemochromatosis
48%
Klinefelter’s syndrome
22%
Hemophilia
MCQ NO.773 | Pathophysiology
Which one of the following organisms accounts for at least 50% of cases of acute hematogenous and contiguous focus osteomyelitis?
Which one of the following organisms accounts for at least 50% of cases of acute hematogenous and contiguous focus osteomyelitis?
Anonymous Quiz
13%
Group A streptococci
39%
Group B streptococci
42%
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
6%
S. aureus
MCQ NO.774 | OC
In pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement, the final product is ketone. What is the starting compound for the rearrangement?
In pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement, the final product is ketone. What is the starting compound for the rearrangement?
Anonymous Quiz
15%
Geminal diol
53%
1,2- diol
28%
1, 3-diol
4%
1,1-diol
MCQ NO.775 | OC
Nitrites are used in ailments as:
Nitrites are used in ailments as:
Anonymous Quiz
8%
Cerebral ischemia
47%
Cardiac ischemia
24%
Hypertension
21%
Arrhythmia
MCQ NO.776 | OC
What is the product of reaction of aldehyde with K2Cr2 O7
What is the product of reaction of aldehyde with K2Cr2 O7
Anonymous Quiz
14%
Acetal
35%
Peroxyacids
30%
Acid
21%
Alcohol
MCQ NO. 777
Which of these dienes can undergo the Diels-Alder reaction?
Which of these dienes can undergo the Diels-Alder reaction?
Anonymous Quiz
44%
1,2-Butadiene
23%
1,3 Pentadiene
31%
1,4-Cyclohexadiene
2%
1,4-Pentadiene
MCQ NO.778 | OC
which of the following pairs does not correctly match in the element and its oxidation number?
which of the following pairs does not correctly match in the element and its oxidation number?
Anonymous Quiz
12%
Sodium in Nacl;1
32%
Bromine in Br2;0
34%
Sulfer in SO3;4
22%
Oxygen in H2O2;-2
MCQ NO.779 | OC
In the Reimer -Tiemann reaction ......reacts with phenol to give the ortho-formylated product?
In the Reimer -Tiemann reaction ......reacts with phenol to give the ortho-formylated product?
Anonymous Quiz
30%
Carbocation
29%
Free radicals
22%
Carbanion
19%
Carbene
MCQ NO.780 | OC
Condensation of aldehyde (or ketones) with a-halo ester in presence of zinc metal to give B-hydroxy-ester is:
Condensation of aldehyde (or ketones) with a-halo ester in presence of zinc metal to give B-hydroxy-ester is:
Anonymous Quiz
28%
Claisan condensation
31%
Dieckmann condensation
19%
Reformatsky reaction
22%
Aldol condensation
🔴 DEFINITION
🔶Antihistamines:
Drugs that combat the histamine released during an allergic reaction by blocking the action of the histamine on the tissue.
🔶H₁ antagonists :
H₁ antagonists, also called H₁ blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the H₁ receptor, helping to relieve allergic reactions.
🔶H2 antagonist :
H₂ antagonists, sometimes referred to as H2RAs and also called H₂ blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the histamine H₂ receptors of the parietal cells in the stomach.
🔶Gynaecomastia :
Enlargement of male's breast due to harmonal imbalance.
🔶 Osteoporosis:
Low calcium level in the blood is called as osteoporosis caused due to thiazide diuretic also.
🔶Antihistamines:
Drugs that combat the histamine released during an allergic reaction by blocking the action of the histamine on the tissue.
🔶H₁ antagonists :
H₁ antagonists, also called H₁ blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the H₁ receptor, helping to relieve allergic reactions.
🔶H2 antagonist :
H₂ antagonists, sometimes referred to as H2RAs and also called H₂ blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the histamine H₂ receptors of the parietal cells in the stomach.
🔶Gynaecomastia :
Enlargement of male's breast due to harmonal imbalance.
🔶 Osteoporosis:
Low calcium level in the blood is called as osteoporosis caused due to thiazide diuretic also.
🔴 Classification Antihistaminics
🔺 H2 Antagonists
Cimetidine
Ranitidine
Famotidine
Roxatidine
🔺H3 Antagonists
Thioperamide (H1:H3 1:23000)
Impromidine (also H2 agonist
Tiprolisant
Clobenpropit
Note:- Though some selective H3 antagonists have produced, they have not found any clinical utility.
🔺 H2 Antagonists
Cimetidine
Ranitidine
Famotidine
Roxatidine
🔺H3 Antagonists
Thioperamide (H1:H3 1:23000)
Impromidine (also H2 agonist
Tiprolisant
Clobenpropit
Note:- Though some selective H3 antagonists have produced, they have not found any clinical utility.
🔴MECHANISM OF ACTION🔴
📌ANTIHISTAMINES
◾Antihistamines are drugs which treat allergic rhinitis by and other allergies.
◾ Typically people take antihistamines as an inexpensive, generic, over-the-counter drug that can provide relief from nasal congestion, sneezing, or hives caused by pollen, dust mites, or animal allergy with few side effects.
Antihistamines are usually for short-term treatment.
◾Chronic allergies increase the risk of health problems which antihistamines might not treat, including asthma, sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract infection.
◾Consultation of a medical professional is recommended for those who intend to take antihistamines for longer-term use.
📌DIPHENHYDRAMINE
◾It is a highly sedative antihistaminic drug
◾Diphenhydramine mainly works through antagonizing the H1 (Histamine 1) receptor
◾Diphenhydramine acts as an inverse agonist at the H1 receptor, thereby reversing effects of histamine on capillaries, reducing allergic reaction symptoms.
📌ANTIHISTAMINES
◾Antihistamines are drugs which treat allergic rhinitis by and other allergies.
◾ Typically people take antihistamines as an inexpensive, generic, over-the-counter drug that can provide relief from nasal congestion, sneezing, or hives caused by pollen, dust mites, or animal allergy with few side effects.
Antihistamines are usually for short-term treatment.
◾Chronic allergies increase the risk of health problems which antihistamines might not treat, including asthma, sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract infection.
◾Consultation of a medical professional is recommended for those who intend to take antihistamines for longer-term use.
📌DIPHENHYDRAMINE
◾It is a highly sedative antihistaminic drug
◾Diphenhydramine mainly works through antagonizing the H1 (Histamine 1) receptor
◾Diphenhydramine acts as an inverse agonist at the H1 receptor, thereby reversing effects of histamine on capillaries, reducing allergic reaction symptoms.