🔴 DEFINITION


🔶Adrenergic blockers =

The drugs that inhibits function of adrenergic receptors which are divided into two groups alpha and beta.

🔶Alpha - adrenergic blocking agents:

A substance that relaxes muscle tissue in blood vessels and in the prostate gland, which improves the flow of urine and blood. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists are used to treat the symptoms of many conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), high blood pressure, and some blood circulation problems. Also called alpha-blocker.

🔶Beta adrenergic blocking agents:

A class of drugs, also called beta blockers, that block beta-adrenergic substances such as adrenaline (epinephrine), a key agent in the "sympathetic" portion of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.

🔶Adulteration =

Adulteration is broadly defined as admixture or substitution of original or genuine article/ drug with inferior, defective or otherwise useless or harmful substances.

🔶Cultivation=

Cultivation may be defined as the production of crops (medicinal plants) using prepared land by tending them either by unskilled or skilled people.

🔴 Mechanism of Biotransformation of drugs

🔷Biotransformation :-
--The process by which substances that enter the body are changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic molecules to facilitate elimination from the body.
--This process usually generates products with few or no toxicological effects.
 
⏩Metabolism of drug involved 2 phases :-
🔸Phase I
🔸Phase II

📌Phase I :-
--The biotransformation reactions introduce or expose functional groups on the drug with the goal of increasing the polarity of the compound.
--As most small molecule drugs are lipophilic in nature, drug metabolism converts these hydrophobic compounds into more water soluble compounds that can be excreted.

📌Phase II :-
--The reactions involve conjugation by coupling the drug or its metabolites to another molecule, such as glucuronidation, acylation, sulfate, or glicine.
--The substances that result from metabolism may be inactive, or they may be similar to or different from the original drug in therapeutic activity or toxicity.

🔴MOA OF ALFA BLOCKERS🔴

Alpha blockers work by blocking the effect of nerves in the sympathetic nervous system. This is done by binding to the alpha receptors in smooth muscle or blood vessels. α-blockers can bind both reversibly and irreversibly.

🔴ADR OF ALFA BLOCKERS🔴

➡️Hypotension
➡️Arrhythmias
➡️Nasal Congestion
➡️Headache
➡️Abdominal Pain
➡️Nausea
➡️Exacerbation of peptic ulcer


🔴ADR OF BETA BLOCKERS🔴

➡️Bronchoconstriction
➡️Bradycardia
➡️Cold extremities
➡️CNS side effects
➡️Heart failure
➡️Hypoglycemia
➡️Rebound hypertension
➡️Adverse lipid profile

🔴DEFINITION

🔶Glaucoma:

A condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight.

🔶Open-angle glaucoma:

Glaucoma is a condition of the eye that leads to progressive atrophy of the optic nerve in the presence of an open angle.

🔶Angle-closure glaucoma:

This condition can be acute or chronic. It consists of increased pressure in the front chamber (anterior chamber) of the eye due to sudden (acute) or slowly progressive (chronic) blockage of the normal circulation of fluid within the eye.

🔶Secondary glaucoma :

Secondary glaucoma refers to any form of glaucoma in which there is an identifiable cause of increased eye pressure, resulting in optic nerve damage and vision loss.

🔶Childhood glaucoma:

This is a rare condition that may be inherited, caused by incorrect development of the eye’s drainage system before birth. This leads to increased intraocular pressure, which in turn damages the optic nerve.

🔴MECHANISM OF ACTION🔴

📌BETA BLOCKERS

▪In glacuma beta blockers act by lowering the intraocular tension by reducing aqueous formation.
▪This results in down the regulation of adenylate cyclase due to beta2 receptor blockade in the ciliary epithelium.

📌PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES

▪It increases the uveo-scleral outflow of aqueous humor and also increases conventional trabecular outflow.
▪It acts by remodelling the structure of matrix metallo-proteinases. This causes change in shape of the cells and widening of the spaces filled with connective tissue resulting in decreased resistance and increased drainage.
▪The receptors of prostaglandins are located on TM, ciliary muscle and sclera and hence prostaglandins can affect the aqueous drainage

📌CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS

▪Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduces the aqueous formation by limiting generation of bicarbonate ion in the ciliary epithelium in the glacuma
For eg. Acetazolamide and dorzolamide

📌 MIOTICS

Miotics work by contraction of the ciliary muscle, tightening the trabecular meshwork and allowing increased outflow of aqueous through traditional pathways. Miosis results from action of these drugs on the pupillary sphincter.

🔴ADR OF PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES🔴

➡️Conjunctiva hyperaemia
➡️Increase in iris pigmentation
➡️Eyelash changes
➡️Periocular pigmentation
➡️Cystoid macular oedema

🔴ADR OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS🔴

➡️Diarrhea
➡️Discomfort or illness
➡️Numbness
➡️Tingling
➡️Burning in hands
➡️Weight loss

🔴ADR OF MIOTICS🔴

➡️Spasm
➡️Frontal headaches
➡️Twitching lids
➡️Cataractous changes
➡️Iris cysts
➡️Retinal detachment