🔴ADR OF SYMPATHOMIMETICS🔴

➡️Asthma
➡️Heart failure
➡️Shock
➡️Anaphylaxis
➡️Hyper tension
➡️Sinus tachycardia
➡️Skeletal muscle tremor

🔴 DEFINITION


🔶Adrenergic blockers =

The drugs that inhibits function of adrenergic receptors which are divided into two groups alpha and beta.

🔶Alpha - adrenergic blocking agents:

A substance that relaxes muscle tissue in blood vessels and in the prostate gland, which improves the flow of urine and blood. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists are used to treat the symptoms of many conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), high blood pressure, and some blood circulation problems. Also called alpha-blocker.

🔶Beta adrenergic blocking agents:

A class of drugs, also called beta blockers, that block beta-adrenergic substances such as adrenaline (epinephrine), a key agent in the "sympathetic" portion of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.

🔶Adulteration =

Adulteration is broadly defined as admixture or substitution of original or genuine article/ drug with inferior, defective or otherwise useless or harmful substances.

🔶Cultivation=

Cultivation may be defined as the production of crops (medicinal plants) using prepared land by tending them either by unskilled or skilled people.

🔴 Mechanism of Biotransformation of drugs

🔷Biotransformation :-
--The process by which substances that enter the body are changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic molecules to facilitate elimination from the body.
--This process usually generates products with few or no toxicological effects.
 
⏩Metabolism of drug involved 2 phases :-
🔸Phase I
🔸Phase II

📌Phase I :-
--The biotransformation reactions introduce or expose functional groups on the drug with the goal of increasing the polarity of the compound.
--As most small molecule drugs are lipophilic in nature, drug metabolism converts these hydrophobic compounds into more water soluble compounds that can be excreted.

📌Phase II :-
--The reactions involve conjugation by coupling the drug or its metabolites to another molecule, such as glucuronidation, acylation, sulfate, or glicine.
--The substances that result from metabolism may be inactive, or they may be similar to or different from the original drug in therapeutic activity or toxicity.

🔴MOA OF ALFA BLOCKERS🔴

Alpha blockers work by blocking the effect of nerves in the sympathetic nervous system. This is done by binding to the alpha receptors in smooth muscle or blood vessels. α-blockers can bind both reversibly and irreversibly.

🔴ADR OF ALFA BLOCKERS🔴

➡️Hypotension
➡️Arrhythmias
➡️Nasal Congestion
➡️Headache
➡️Abdominal Pain
➡️Nausea
➡️Exacerbation of peptic ulcer


🔴ADR OF BETA BLOCKERS🔴

➡️Bronchoconstriction
➡️Bradycardia
➡️Cold extremities
➡️CNS side effects
➡️Heart failure
➡️Hypoglycemia
➡️Rebound hypertension
➡️Adverse lipid profile