🔴DEFINITION

🔶Glaucoma:

A condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight.

🔶Open-angle glaucoma:

Glaucoma is a condition of the eye that leads to progressive atrophy of the optic nerve in the presence of an open angle.

🔶Angle-closure glaucoma:

This condition can be acute or chronic. It consists of increased pressure in the front chamber (anterior chamber) of the eye due to sudden (acute) or slowly progressive (chronic) blockage of the normal circulation of fluid within the eye.

🔶Secondary glaucoma :

Secondary glaucoma refers to any form of glaucoma in which there is an identifiable cause of increased eye pressure, resulting in optic nerve damage and vision loss.

🔶Childhood glaucoma:

This is a rare condition that may be inherited, caused by incorrect development of the eye’s drainage system before birth. This leads to increased intraocular pressure, which in turn damages the optic nerve.

🔴MECHANISM OF ACTION🔴

📌BETA BLOCKERS

▪In glacuma beta blockers act by lowering the intraocular tension by reducing aqueous formation.
▪This results in down the regulation of adenylate cyclase due to beta2 receptor blockade in the ciliary epithelium.

📌PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES

▪It increases the uveo-scleral outflow of aqueous humor and also increases conventional trabecular outflow.
▪It acts by remodelling the structure of matrix metallo-proteinases. This causes change in shape of the cells and widening of the spaces filled with connective tissue resulting in decreased resistance and increased drainage.
▪The receptors of prostaglandins are located on TM, ciliary muscle and sclera and hence prostaglandins can affect the aqueous drainage

📌CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS

▪Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduces the aqueous formation by limiting generation of bicarbonate ion in the ciliary epithelium in the glacuma
For eg. Acetazolamide and dorzolamide

📌 MIOTICS

Miotics work by contraction of the ciliary muscle, tightening the trabecular meshwork and allowing increased outflow of aqueous through traditional pathways. Miosis results from action of these drugs on the pupillary sphincter.

🔴ADR OF PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES🔴

➡️Conjunctiva hyperaemia
➡️Increase in iris pigmentation
➡️Eyelash changes
➡️Periocular pigmentation
➡️Cystoid macular oedema

🔴ADR OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS🔴

➡️Diarrhea
➡️Discomfort or illness
➡️Numbness
➡️Tingling
➡️Burning in hands
➡️Weight loss

🔴ADR OF MIOTICS🔴

➡️Spasm
➡️Frontal headaches
➡️Twitching lids
➡️Cataractous changes
➡️Iris cysts
➡️Retinal detachment

🔴DEFINITION

🔶Molality =

Molality is defined as the “total moles of a solute contained in a kilogram of a solvent.”

🔶Molarity=

Molarity is defined as the "number of moles of solute per liter of solution."

🔶Capsule=

Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicament or inert substances are enclosed within a small shell generally prepared from gelatin.


🔶Tablets=

Tablets may be defined as compressed solid unit dosage form of medicament or medicaments with suitable excipients.

🔶Normality

 is a measure of concentration equal to the gram equivalent weight per litre of solution. 

🔴 DEFINITION

🔶Histamine =

Histamine a compound which is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.

🔶Histamine agonist =

A histamine agonist is a drug which causes increased activity at one or more of the four histamine receptor subtypes.

🔶Amines=

Amines an organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups.

🔶Vaccines =

Vaccines are the antigenic material consisting of the whole microorganisms or one of its products.

🔶Erosion corrosion =

Erosion is mechanical process and corrosion is a electro chemical process. They combine in a situation to protect metal from the corrosion.

🔴 MECHANISM OF ACTION 🔴

📌 HISTAMINE

▪Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.
▪ Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of itching.
▪As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues.
▪Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues.
▪ It consists of an imidazole ring attached to an ethylamine chain; under physiological conditions, the amino group of the side-chain is protonated

📌 histamine exerts its effects primarily by binding to G protein-coupled histamine receptors, designated H1 to H4