🔴DEFINITION

🔶Bioassay (or biological assay) =

Used to determine the potency of a physical, chemical or biological agent, by means of a biological indicator i.e. measuring the response of living organisms or tissues to a test treatment.

🔸Bmax =

The maximum amount of drug or radioligand, usually expressed as picomoles (pM) per mg protein, which can bind specifically to the receptors in a membrane preparation. Bmax be used to measure the density of receptor sites in a particular test sample.

🔸Chromatin

A complex of DNA and proteins within the nucleus of mammalian cells.

🔸Cmax

Cmax is the maximum or 'peak' concentration of a drug observed after its administration.

🔸Cmin

The Cmin, or trough concentration is observed after drug administration and just prior to the administration of a subsequent dose.

🔴Mechanism of action

🔷Dopamine :-
➡Dopamine is administered as a continuous intravenous infusion.
➡At low doses, dopamine preferentially stimulates D1 and D2 receptors in the renal vasculature, which leads to vasodilation and promotes renal blood flow to preserve glomerular filtration.

🔶Ephedrine :-
➡Ephedrine, a sympathomimetic amine, acts on part of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
➡The principal mechanism of action relies on its indirect stimulation of the adrenergic receptor system by increasing the activity of norepinephrine at the postsynaptic α and β receptors.

🔴MECHANISM OF ACTION🔴

▶️BRONCHODILATORS

▪A bronchodilator or broncholytic is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs. ▪Bronchodilators may be endogenous or they may be medications administered for the treatment of breathing difficulties.

▪They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases, of which asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common conditions.

▪ Although this remains somewhat controversial, they might be useful in bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis.

▪They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases.



▶️ANORETICS

▪An anorectic or anorexic is a drug which reduces appetite, resulting in lower food consumption, leading to weight loss. 

▪By contrast, an appetite stimulant is referred to as orexigenic.


▶️CARDIAC STIMULENTS

▪Cardiotonic drugs increase the force of the contraction of the muscle (myocardium) of the heart. This is called a positive inotropic action.

▪ When the force of contraction of the myocardium is increased, the amount of blood leaving the left ventricle at the time of each contraction is increased.


▶️CNS STIMULANTS

▪Stimulants increase alertness, attention, and energy, which are accompanied by increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration.

▪stimulants were used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems, obesity, neurological disorders, and a variety of other ailments. 

🔴ADR OF SYMPATHOMIMETICS🔴

➡️Asthma
➡️Heart failure
➡️Shock
➡️Anaphylaxis
➡️Hyper tension
➡️Sinus tachycardia
➡️Skeletal muscle tremor

🔴 DEFINITION


🔶Adrenergic blockers =

The drugs that inhibits function of adrenergic receptors which are divided into two groups alpha and beta.

🔶Alpha - adrenergic blocking agents:

A substance that relaxes muscle tissue in blood vessels and in the prostate gland, which improves the flow of urine and blood. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists are used to treat the symptoms of many conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), high blood pressure, and some blood circulation problems. Also called alpha-blocker.

🔶Beta adrenergic blocking agents:

A class of drugs, also called beta blockers, that block beta-adrenergic substances such as adrenaline (epinephrine), a key agent in the "sympathetic" portion of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.

🔶Adulteration =

Adulteration is broadly defined as admixture or substitution of original or genuine article/ drug with inferior, defective or otherwise useless or harmful substances.

🔶Cultivation=

Cultivation may be defined as the production of crops (medicinal plants) using prepared land by tending them either by unskilled or skilled people.

🔴 Mechanism of Biotransformation of drugs

🔷Biotransformation :-
--The process by which substances that enter the body are changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic molecules to facilitate elimination from the body.
--This process usually generates products with few or no toxicological effects.
 
⏩Metabolism of drug involved 2 phases :-
🔸Phase I
🔸Phase II

📌Phase I :-
--The biotransformation reactions introduce or expose functional groups on the drug with the goal of increasing the polarity of the compound.
--As most small molecule drugs are lipophilic in nature, drug metabolism converts these hydrophobic compounds into more water soluble compounds that can be excreted.

📌Phase II :-
--The reactions involve conjugation by coupling the drug or its metabolites to another molecule, such as glucuronidation, acylation, sulfate, or glicine.
--The substances that result from metabolism may be inactive, or they may be similar to or different from the original drug in therapeutic activity or toxicity.

🔴MOA OF ALFA BLOCKERS🔴

Alpha blockers work by blocking the effect of nerves in the sympathetic nervous system. This is done by binding to the alpha receptors in smooth muscle or blood vessels. α-blockers can bind both reversibly and irreversibly.