G-L91 can be considered an Anatolian Neolithic Farmer branch of haplogroup G-P15.The origin of this subclade in this individual is most likely related to Pre-Iranic Zagrosian-related populations or Pre-Turkic Anatolian-related populations such as Greeks, Armenians, and Romans.

🏺Paleo DNA samples:
🇹🇷 Neolithic Anatolian
🇧🇬 Karanovo Culture
🇧🇬 Neolithic Balkan
🇮🇹 Neolithic Italia
🇬🇷 Late Bronze Age Greece
🇸🇰 Neolithic Slovakia
🇨🇿 Early Bronze Age Czechia
🇷🇴 Chalcolithic Romania
🇨🇭 Neolithic Switzerland
🇭🇺 Late Chalcolithic Hungary

This subclade can be considered a Tibeto-Burman branch of O-M122. The presence of this haplogroup in this sample originates from the Oghuz migrations and, later population movements associated with the Mongol invasions.

According to our database, haplogroup O is so far the most common lineage among Azerbaijanis among the ethnic groups of Iran. The predicted subclade for this individual would be under O-F18 and O-F11, which have been found among other Azerbaijani individuals, one from Ardabil and the other from Mianeh.

🏺Paleo DNA samples:
🇨🇳 - Neolithic East Asian
🇨🇳 - Late Neolithic Chin (Hongshan)
🇨🇳 - Middle Neolithic China (Yangshao)
🇨🇳 - Neolithic Central Asian
🇨🇳 - Neolithic Tibetan Plateau
🇨🇳 - Neolithic Chinese
🇨🇳 - Upper Xiajiadian culture
🇰🇷 - Early Neolithic Korea

This subclade can be considered a Proto-Iranic branch of haplogroup R-Z93. The origin of this haplogroup in this individual most likely originates from Yaz Culture-related groups. This subclade has been found among two other Iraqi Jewish individuals, one Algerian Arab from Kabyle, and one sample from Estonia.

🏺Paleo DNA samples:
🇰🇬⚱️Kyzylasker Tian Shan
🇭🇺⚱️Medieval Hungarian elite
🇭🇺⚱️Medieval Hungarian Royalty
🏳️⚱️Akbari2026Unpublished Saka?
🏳️⚱️Akbari2026Unpublished Scythian/Sarmatian?
🏳️⚱️Akbari2026Unpublished
Scythian/Sarmatian?

R-M269 can be considered a Western Steppe-related branch of R-P297. The origin of this clade among Laks can be related to Iranic migrations from Central Asia and Caucasus-related migrations during the Bronze Age. The most likely population for this individual would be related to the Middle Bronze Age Catacomb culture, which later contributed to populations associated with Iranic and Proto-Armenian like groups. In some rare cases, it could be related to the Middle Bronze Age Poltavka culture, which later contributed to Proto-Iranic-related populations.

🏺Paleo DNA samples:
🇷🇺⚱️Eneolithic Steppe
🇷🇺⚱️Yamnaya Culture
🇷🇺⚱️Afanasievo Culture
🇷🇺⚱️Dagestan Middle Bronze Age
🇨🇿⚱️Czechia Corded ware Culture
🇭🇺⚱️Bell Beaker Culture

L-M2519 can be considered a Zagrosian Neolithic Farmer branch of haplogroup L-M22. The presence of this haplogroup among this individual most likely originated from BMAC-related populations and later Avestan migrations into Iran, or Pre-Iranic native-related populations such as the Elamites.

🏺Paleo DNA samples:
🇮🇷⚱️Bronze Age Shahr-i Sokhta
🇹🇲⚱️Eneolithic Monjukli-Depe
🇺🇿⚱️Bronze Age Sappali Tepe
🇺🇿⚱️Bronze Age Bustan
🇺🇿⚱️Antiquity Rabat

G-FT66003 can be considered a Zagrosian Neolithic Farmer branch of G-P15. The origin of this haplogroup among this individual could be related to Elamite-related populations or Caucasian related populations and in some rare cases BMAC-related populations.

🏺Paleo DNA samples (G-Z6647):
🇮🇷⚱️Seh Gabi
🇬🇪⚱️Georgia kuraAraxes
🇬🇪⚱️Bronze Age Georgia
🇬🇪⚱️Iron Age Georgia
🇷🇺⚱️Koban Culture
🇦🇲⚱️Iron Age Urartian
🇵🇸⚱️Iron Age Phoenician

This subclade can most likely be considered a Proto-Iranic branch of haplogroup R-Z93. The origin of this haplogroup among this individual is most likely related to Western Iranian migrations into Iran.

📜 Paleo DNA samples:
🇷🇺⚱️Poltavka Culture
🇷🇺⚱️Seima-Turbino Culture
🇷🇺⚱️Sintashta Culture
🇷🇺⚱️Potapovka Culture
🇰🇿⚱️Andronovo Culture

This subclade can be considered a Zagrosian Neolithic Farmer branch of haplogroup J-L26. The origin of this subclade among this individual is most likely related to Pre-Iranic migrations, such as Elamite and Mesopotamian-related populations.

📜 Paleo DNA samples:
🇹🇷⚱️Chalcolithic Anatolia (3508-3354 BCE)
🇹🇷⚱️BA ArslanTepe (2469-2298 BCE)
🇹🇷⚱️Alalakh (1896-1746 BCE)
🇬🇷⚱️Minoan (2279-2063 BCE)
🇵🇸⚱️Kiriath-jearim (705-409 BCE)

This subclade can be considered a Zagrosian Neolithic Farmer branch of haplogroup J-M410. The origin of this haplogroup among Persians can originate from Pre-Iranic Zagrosian or BMAC-related populations through later Iranic migrations to Iran, and in very rare cases through Medieval Turkic populations such as Oghuz Turks.

📜 Paleo DNA samples:
🇮🇹⚱️Neolithic Italy (5323 - 5216 BCE)
🇮🇹⚱️VBQ culture (4445 - 4261 BCE)
🇹🇲⚱️Anau culture (3500 - 2800 BCE)
🇹🇲⚱️Gonur Tepe (2300 - 2200 BCE)
🇮🇷⚱️Shahr-i Sokhta (2700 - 2600 BCE)
🇵🇸⚱️Tel Megiddo (1628 - 1406 BCE)
🇬🇷⚱️Helladic Greece (1700 - 1200 BCE)

This subclade can be considered a Semitic branch of haplogroup J1. The origin of this subclade among the individual is most likely related to the Arab conquests or a recent Arabic/seyyed (depending on the subclade) background.

📜 Paleo DNA samples:
🇵🇸⚱️Roman Levant (200–150 BCE)
🇵🇸⚱️Gothic Levant (320 - 375 CE)
🇸🇾‍⚱️Umayyad Syria (666 - 768 CE)
🇸🇾‍⚱️Medieval Syrian (680 - 828 CE)
🇭🇷⚱️Medieval Croatian (778 - 885 CE)

This subclade can be considered an Anatolian Neolithic Farmer branch of haplogroup T. The origin of this haplogroup among this individual is most likely related to BMAC/IGW-related groups, which could later have become associated with Pre-Iranic populations or later Iranic-speaking migration groups into Iran.

📜 Paleo DNA samples:
🇹🇷⚱️Neolithic Anatolia (6700 - 6500 BCE)
🇷🇴⚱️Gumelnița (4586 - 4448 BCE)
🇷🇺⚱️Maykop (3617 - 2885 BCE)
🇮🇷⚱️ShahTepe (3200 - 3100 BCE)
🇮🇷⚱️Tepe Hissar (2916 - 2876 BCE)
🇬🇷⚱️Minoan Greece (2400 - 1800 BCE)

This subclade can be considered an Anatolian Neolithic Farmer branch of haplogroup G. The origin of this haplogroup among this individual could originate from Pre-Iranic Zagrosian groups or the BMAC culture, which was later carried by Iranic-speaking groups into Iran, or, in some cases, through later migrations from Anatolia.

📜 Paleo DNA samples:
🇹🇷⚱️Neolithic Anatolia (8300 - 7952 BCE)
🇹🇷⚱️Neolithic Anatolia (8212 - 7952 BCE)
🇹🇷⚱️Neolithic Anatolia (7945 - 7890 BCE)
🇹🇷⚱️Neolithic Anatolia (7100 - 6700 BCE)
🇹🇷⚱️Neolithic Anatolia (6822 - 6597 BCE)
🇹🇷⚱️Neolithic Anatolia (6850 - 6500 BCE)
🇹🇷⚱️Neolithic Anatolia (6700 - 6500 BCE)

R-M269 can be considered a Western Steppe-related branch of R-P297. The origin of this clade among Persians can be related to Iranic migrations from Central Asia, and in some cases, it could originate from Caucasus-related migrations during the Bronze Age.

📜 Paleo DNA samples:
🇷🇺⚱️EN Steppe (3776 - 3652 BCE)
🇷🇺⚱️EN Steppe (3705 - 3533 BCE)
🇷🇺⚱️Yamnaya (3346 - 3101 BCE)
🇷🇺⚱️Yamnaya (3333 - 3028 BCE)
🇷🇺⚱️Yamnaya (3321 - 2931 BCE)
🇷🇺⚱️Yamnaya (3339 - 2916 BCE)
🇷🇺⚱️Yamnaya (3335 - 2912 BCE
🇷🇺⚱️Afanasievo (3330 - 2933 BCE)
🇷🇺⚱️Afanasievo (3323 - 2935 BCE)

This subclade can be considered a Paleo-Balkan branch of the E-M35 haplogroup. The presence of this haplogroup among Persians of Khorasan could be linked to antiquity and the Hellenistic era during Alexander's conquest of Persia, or to more recent historical exchanges, such as traders or migrations from Anatolian- or Caucasian-related populations.

📜 Paleo DNA samples:
🇺🇦⚱️Hallstatt (996 - 831 BCE)
🇧🇬⚱️Iron Age Balkan (1100 - 500 BCE)
🇧🇬⚱️Daco-Thracian (800–700 BCE)