Learn about the 7 industrial automation sensors: proximity, photoelectric, pressure, temperature, level, flow, and encoder sensors with working and applications

Pressure switch setpoint and deadband: how to calculate them, a 7-step procedure, two worked examples and a live setpoint and deadband calculator.

Averaging pitot tube working principle: Bernoulli flow formula, a worked calculation, port positioning rules and straight run requirements.

Coriolis Flow Meter Uncertainty Calculation combines base accuracy, zero stability, and temperature and pressure effects into one expanded uncertainty figure.

Discover the 10 best PID software tools for process engineers in 2026, comparing AutoCAD Plant 3D, AVEVA, Hexagon, Siemens COMOS, EdrawMax and more tools.

Learn how machine learning anomaly detection finds early faults in plants and machines, 5 methods compared, false alarm control and a z score calculator.

Learn what valve stiction is, how it differs from deadband, how to detect it with PV and OP plots, bump tests and valve signatures, plus a quick estimate tool.

Learn calibration traceability from SI units to your field transmitter: the 6 link chain, NPL India, NABL and ISO 17025, uncertainty at each step and TUR math.

Learn how bulk solids level is measured in silos and hoppers with 80 GHz radar, guided wave radar, yo yo, load cells and point switches, plus a mass calculator.

Understand how dielectric constant affects radar, guided wave radar and capacitance level measurement, with typical values, low echo products and a calculator.

Learn thermocouple calibration by comparison in a dry block or bath against a reference PRT, with fixed points, CJC, inhomogeneity and an error calculator.

For DCS and PLC engineers: the 10 columns every IO list needs, from tag and signal type to IS and spares, with links to the index and an I/O card calculator.

8 field steps for positioner calibration: auto and manual zero and span, a 5 point stroke check, split range, fail action, I/P tests and an error calculator.

Slow ESD valve on a trip test? See what sets valve stroking time, from actuator volume and tubing to solenoid Cv, boosters and quick exhaust, with a calculator.