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Plumbing

CONSTRUCTION

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Parts of the American Society of Plumbing Engineers standard
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Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook



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Formulas, Symbols, and Terminology

For the convenience of plumbing engineers, following are some of the basic formulas commonly referred to and
utilized in plumbing engineering and design. It is extremely important to convert values to the proper units
whenever using these equations.
Take note that gravitational acceleration and gravitational constant have the same numerical value, but the
units are not the same. These terms can be left out of equations with no effect on the numerical value. However,
the units will not be dimensionally correct and do not cancel out.
Due to the English system of measurement utilizing pounds to indicate mass and force, pounds-mass (lbm)
and pounds-force (lbf) are used to distinguish between the two. This is not an issue for the International System
of Units (SI)

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FORMULAS COMMONLY USED IN PLUMBING ENGINEERING

The Manning Formula

The Manning Formula is used to determine the velocity (V) of uniform flow in sloping drains.
(Uniform flow
is defined as the flow that is achieved in open channels of constant shape and size and uniform slope.)
Note that
the slope of the water surface is equal to the slope of the channel, and the flows in such open channels do not
depend on the pressure applied to the water but on the gravitational force induced by the slope of the drain and
the height of the water in that drain.

EQUATION 1-1 :
——————————————————-
V = 1.486 R2∕3 S½ / N

[ V = 1.00 R2∕3 S½/ N

where
V = Velocity of flow, feet per second (ft/s) (meters per second [m/s])
n = Coefficient representing roughness of pipe surface, degree of fouling, and pipe diameter
R = Hydraulic radius, ft (m)
S = Hydraulic slope of surface of flow, ft/ft (m/m)

The hydraulic radius (R) can be calculated using Equation 1-3.

The roughness coefficient (n) and several values
for the hydraulic radii are given in Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers.

Rate of Flow
Equation 1-2 is used to determine the amount of water passing through a pipe. This quantity of water, for a given
time, depends on the cross-sectional area of the pipe and the velocity of the water.

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