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๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 5

๐Ÿ“–INFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ”–What is Fallacy?

A fallacy, in most general terms, is an error or defect or mistake commited in arguments.
แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ "Fallacy" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ "แˆ…แ€แ…" แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ™แ‰ณแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ "แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ/แ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ตแฃ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฑ.."

๐Ÿ”–Depending on the kind of the problems or defects they contain, (i.e., the problems or defects that make them fallacious), arguments may commit either a formal or an informal fallacy. As a result, they are often grouped in two:

Formal fallacies and
Informal fallacies

๐Ÿ“ŒFormal Fallacy is When an argument contains a #structural defect or problem and violates the standard form of a good argument.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆจแ‹ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แ‹จแŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰นแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰น แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Freshmans are Clevers.
Therefore, All Clevers are Freshmans.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Structural defect แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แˆแˆ‰แˆ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Formal FallacyแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ! แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ซแˆแАแŒˆแˆญแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ "formal fallacy are only found in Deductive Argument." แŠฅแА Categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive syllogism formal fallacyแŠ• Commit แˆŠแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆแŒจแˆแˆญแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Elephants are animals.
All mammals are animals.
Therefore, all elephants are mammals.

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ informal fallacy แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จArgumentแŠกแŠ• Structure แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข

๐Ÿ“šINFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ“–Is a fallacy, which is committed due to a defect in the very content of an argument, other than in its structure of form.

Informal fallacies cannot be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of the argument.

"Informal Fallacy"แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ˜แ‹ "แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰นแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰น แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• #แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แŒแ‹ตแˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Informal fallacyแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› Argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แฃ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จinformal fallacy แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ]๐Ÿ‘‡

All factories are plants.
All plants are things that contain chlorophyll. Therefore, all factories are things that contain chlorophyll.

แˆฒแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ แŠ ? แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! " Plant" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ Word แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ Sentence แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต Context แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแฃ แ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆ( แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ..)"
แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแŠ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… FormแŠก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All A are B.
All B are C.
------------------
Therefore, All A are C.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต informal fallacyแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

Now a day, more than 100 fallacies have been invented. Now let's see some of them.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‰€แ‰€แ‹แŠ• Photo แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ

1โƒฃFallacies of Relevance

Arguments in which the premise is logically irrelevant to establish the conclusion. (Except missing the point)

In this fallacy, although the premise is logically irrelevant, #Psychologically it could be relevant to the conclusion.
แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ the connection between premises and conclusion is emotional. Such arguments are often called non sequiturs แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Argumentative leaps แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแˆ‰แข

แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ Fallacy of Relevance แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต(8) fallacies of relevance แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

1. Appeal to Force
[Argumentum Ad Baculum]

๐Ÿ“Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him if he does not accept the conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ "แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ป แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข"

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ชแŠ แ‰ต: แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŒ:-

"My boy, you must study hard, if not you will be either a criminal or a beggar."

๐Ÿ”–This fallacy always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical or psychological well- being of the listener.
NB: แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• ArgumentแŠก แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก แ‹›แ‰ปแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‰ฅแ‰ป Appeal to Force แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

2. Appeal to Pity
[Argumentum ad misericordiam]

Is committed when one is persuaded to accept the conclusion because of pity or sympathy.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… #แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แŠจappeal to force แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹:-

๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹[Force] แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• [pity] แАแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆฐแˆšแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต [unfortunate consequence] แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆแข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต๐Ÿ‘‡
A weak student to his instructor

"Pr
๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 5

๐Ÿ“–INFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ”–What is Fallacy?

A fallacy, in most general terms, is an error or defect or mistake commited in arguments.
แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ "Fallacy" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ "แˆ…แ€แ…" แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ™แ‰ณแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ "แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ/แ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ตแฃ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฑ.."

๐Ÿ”–Depending on the kind of the problems or defects they contain, (i.e., the problems or defects that make them fallacious), arguments may commit either a formal or an informal fallacy. As a result, they are often grouped in two:

Formal fallacies and
Informal fallacies

๐Ÿ“ŒFormal Fallacy is When an argument contains a #structural defect or problem and violates the standard form of a good argument.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆจแ‹ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แ‹จแŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰นแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰น แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Freshmans are Clevers.
Therefore, All Clevers are Freshmans.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Structural defect แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แˆแˆ‰แˆ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Formal FallacyแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ! แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ซแˆแАแŒˆแˆญแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ "formal fallacy are only found in Deductive Argument." แŠฅแА Categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive syllogism formal fallacyแŠ• Commit แˆŠแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆแŒจแˆแˆญแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Elephants are animals.
All mammals are animals.
Therefore, all elephants are mammals.

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ informal fallacy แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จArgumentแŠกแŠ• Structure แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข

๐Ÿ“šINFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ“–Is a fallacy, which is committed due to a defect in the very content of an argument, other than in its structure of form.

Informal fallacies cannot be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of the argument.

"Informal Fallacy"แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ˜แ‹ "แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰นแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰น แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• #แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แŒแ‹ตแˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Informal fallacyแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› Argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แฃ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จinformal fallacy แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ]๐Ÿ‘‡

All factories are plants.
All plants are things that contain chlorophyll. Therefore, all factories are things that contain chlorophyll.

แˆฒแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ แŠ ? แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! " Plant" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ Word แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ Sentence แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต Context แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแฃ แ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆ( แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ..)"
แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแŠ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… FormแŠก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All A are B.
All B are C.
------------------
Therefore, All A are C.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต informal fallacyแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

Now a day, more than 100 fallacies have been invented. Now let's see some of them.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‰€แ‰€แ‹แŠ• Photo แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ

1โƒฃFallacies of Relevance

Arguments in which the premise is logically irrelevant to establish the conclusion. (Except missing the point)

In this fallacy, although the premise is logically irrelevant, #Psychologically it could be relevant to the conclusion.
แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ the connection between premises and conclusion is emotional. Such arguments are often called non sequiturs แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Argumentative leaps แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแˆ‰แข

แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ Fallacy of Relevance แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต(8) fallacies of relevance แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

1. Appeal to Force
[Argumentum Ad Baculum]

๐Ÿ“Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him if he does not accept the conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ "แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ป แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข"

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ชแŠ แ‰ต: แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŒ:-

"My boy, you must study hard, if not you will be either a criminal or a beggar."

๐Ÿ”–This fallacy always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical or psychological well- being of the listener.
NB: แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• ArgumentแŠก แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก แ‹›แ‰ปแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‰ฅแ‰ป Appeal to Force แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

2. Appeal to Pity
[Argumentum ad misericordiam]

Is committed when one is persuaded to accept the conclusion because of pity or sympathy.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… #แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แŠจappeal to force แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹:-

๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹[Force] แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• [pity] แАแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆฐแˆšแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต [unfortunate consequence] แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆแข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต๐Ÿ‘‡
A weak student to his instructor

๐Ÿ“š JOIN :@GTutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘5โค1
๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 5

๐Ÿ“–INFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ”–What is Fallacy?

A fallacy, in most general terms, is an error or defect or mistake commited in arguments.
แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ "Fallacy" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ "แˆ…แ€แ…" แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ™แ‰ณแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ "แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ/แ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ตแฃ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฑ.."

๐Ÿ”–Depending on the kind of the problems or defects they contain, (i.e., the problems or defects that make them fallacious), arguments may commit either a formal or an informal fallacy. As a result, they are often grouped in two:

Formal fallacies and
Informal fallacies

๐Ÿ“ŒFormal Fallacy is When an argument contains a #structural defect or problem and violates the standard form of a good argument.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆจแ‹ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แ‹จแŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰นแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰น แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Freshmans are Clevers.
Therefore, All Clevers are Freshmans.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Structural defect แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แˆแˆ‰แˆ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Formal FallacyแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ! แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ซแˆแАแŒˆแˆญแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ "formal fallacy are only found in Deductive Argument." แŠฅแА Categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive syllogism formal fallacyแŠ• Commit แˆŠแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆแŒจแˆแˆญแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Elephants are animals.
All mammals are animals.
Therefore, all elephants are mammals.

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ informal fallacy แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จArgumentแŠกแŠ• Structure แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข

๐Ÿ“šINFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ“–Is a fallacy, which is committed due to a defect in the very content of an argument, other than in its structure of form.

Informal fallacies cannot be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of the argument.

"Informal Fallacy"แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ˜แ‹ "แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰นแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰น แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• #แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แŒแ‹ตแˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Informal fallacyแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› Argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แฃ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จinformal fallacy แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ]๐Ÿ‘‡

All factories are plants.
All plants are things that contain chlorophyll. Therefore, all factories are things that contain chlorophyll.

แˆฒแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ แŠ ? แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! " Plant" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ Word แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ Sentence แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต Context แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแฃ แ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆ( แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ..)"
แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแŠ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… FormแŠก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All A are B.
All B are C.
------------------
Therefore, All A are C.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต informal fallacyแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

Now a day, more than 100 fallacies have been invented. Now let's see some of them.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‰€แ‰€แ‹แŠ• Photo แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ

1โƒฃFallacies of Relevance

Arguments in which the premise is logically irrelevant to establish the conclusion. (Except missing the point)

In this fallacy, although the premise is logically irrelevant, #Psychologically it could be relevant to the conclusion.
แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ the connection between premises and conclusion is emotional. Such arguments are often called non sequiturs แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Argumentative leaps แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแˆ‰แข

แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ Fallacy of Relevance แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต(8) fallacies of relevance แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

1. Appeal to Force
[Argumentum Ad Baculum]

๐Ÿ“Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him if he does not accept the conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ "แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ป แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข"

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ชแŠ แ‰ต: แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŒ:-

"My boy, you must study hard, if not you will be either a criminal or a beggar."

๐Ÿ”–This fallacy always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical or psychological well- being of the listener.
NB: แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• ArgumentแŠก แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก แ‹›แ‰ปแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‰ฅแ‰ป Appeal to Force แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

2. Appeal to Pity
[Argumentum ad misericordiam]

Is committed when one is persuaded to accept the conclusion because of pity or sympathy.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… #แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แŠจappeal to force แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹:-

๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹[Force] แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• [pity] แАแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆฐแˆšแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต [unfortunate consequence] แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆแข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต๐Ÿ‘‡
A weak student to his instructor

"Pr @gtutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘6
๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 5

๐Ÿ“–INFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ”–What is Fallacy?

A fallacy, in most general terms, is an error or defect or mistake commited in arguments.
แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ "Fallacy" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ "แˆ…แ€แ…" แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ™แ‰ณแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ "แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ/แ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ตแฃ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฑ.."

๐Ÿ”–Depending on the kind of the problems or defects they contain, (i.e., the problems or defects that make them fallacious), arguments may commit either a formal or an informal fallacy. As a result, they are often grouped in two:

Formal fallacies and
Informal fallacies

๐Ÿ“ŒFormal Fallacy is When an argument contains a #structural defect or problem and violates the standard form of a good argument.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆจแ‹ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แ‹จแŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰นแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰น แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Freshmans are Clevers.
Therefore, All Clevers are Freshmans.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Structural defect แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แˆแˆ‰แˆ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Formal FallacyแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ! แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ซแˆแАแŒˆแˆญแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ "formal fallacy are only found in Deductive Argument." แŠฅแА Categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive syllogism formal fallacyแŠ• Commit แˆŠแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆแŒจแˆแˆญแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Elephants are animals.
All mammals are animals.
Therefore, all elephants are mammals.

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ informal fallacy แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จArgumentแŠกแŠ• Structure แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข

๐Ÿ“šINFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ“–Is a fallacy, which is committed due to a defect in the very content of an argument, other than in its structure of form.

Informal fallacies cannot be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of the argument.

"Informal Fallacy"แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ˜แ‹ "แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰นแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰น แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• #แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แŒแ‹ตแˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Informal fallacyแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› Argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แฃ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จinformal fallacy แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ]๐Ÿ‘‡

All factories are plants.
All plants are things that contain chlorophyll. Therefore, all factories are things that contain chlorophyll.

แˆฒแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ แŠ ? แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! " Plant" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ Word แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ Sentence แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต Context แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแฃ แ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆ( แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ..)"
แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแŠ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… FormแŠก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All A are B.
All B are C.
------------------
Therefore, All A are C.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต informal fallacyแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

Now a day, more than 100 fallacies have been invented. Now let's see some of them.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‰€แ‰€แ‹แŠ• Photo แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ

1โƒฃFallacies of Relevance

Arguments in which the premise is logically irrelevant to establish the conclusion. (Except missing the point)

In this fallacy, although the premise is logically irrelevant, #Psychologically it could be relevant to the conclusion.
แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ the connection between premises and conclusion is emotional. Such arguments are often called non sequiturs แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Argumentative leaps แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแˆ‰แข

แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ Fallacy of Relevance แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต(8) fallacies of relevance แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

1. Appeal to Force
[Argumentum Ad Baculum]

๐Ÿ“Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him if he does not accept the conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ "แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ป แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข"

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ชแŠ แ‰ต: แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŒ:-

"My boy, you must study hard, if not you will be either a criminal or a beggar."

๐Ÿ”–This fallacy always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical or psychological well- being of the listener.
NB: แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• ArgumentแŠก แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก แ‹›แ‰ปแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‰ฅแ‰ป Appeal to Force แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

2. Appeal to Pity
[Argumentum ad misericordiam]

Is committed when one is persuaded to accept the conclusion because of pity or sympathy.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… #แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แŠจappeal to force แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹:-

๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹[Force] แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• [pity] แАแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆฐแˆšแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต [unfortunate consequence] แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆแข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต๐Ÿ‘‡
A weak student to his instructor

"Pr @gtutorialclass
Forwarded from G-Tutorialclass
๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 5

๐Ÿ“–INFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ”–What is Fallacy?

A fallacy, in most general terms, is an error or defect or mistake commited in arguments.
แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ "Fallacy" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ "แˆ…แ€แ…" แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ™แ‰ณแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ "แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ/แ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ตแฃ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฑ.."

๐Ÿ”–Depending on the kind of the problems or defects they contain, (i.e., the problems or defects that make them fallacious), arguments may commit either a formal or an informal fallacy. As a result, they are often grouped in two:

Formal fallacies and
Informal fallacies

๐Ÿ“ŒFormal Fallacy is When an argument contains a #structural defect or problem and violates the standard form of a good argument.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆจแ‹ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แ‹จแŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰นแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰น แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Freshmans are Clevers.
Therefore, All Clevers are Freshmans.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Structural defect แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แˆแˆ‰แˆ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Formal FallacyแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ! แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ซแˆแАแŒˆแˆญแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ "formal fallacy are only found in Deductive Argument." แŠฅแА Categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive syllogism formal fallacyแŠ• Commit แˆŠแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆแŒจแˆแˆญแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Elephants are animals.
All mammals are animals.
Therefore, all elephants are mammals.

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ informal fallacy แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จArgumentแŠกแŠ• Structure แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข

๐Ÿ“šINFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ“–Is a fallacy, which is committed due to a defect in the very content of an argument, other than in its structure of form.

Informal fallacies cannot be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of the argument.

"Informal Fallacy"แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ˜แ‹ "แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰นแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰น แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• #แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แŒแ‹ตแˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Informal fallacyแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› Argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แฃ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จinformal fallacy แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ]๐Ÿ‘‡

All factories are plants.
All plants are things that contain chlorophyll. Therefore, all factories are things that contain chlorophyll.

แˆฒแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ แŠ ? แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! " Plant" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ Word แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ Sentence แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต Context แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแฃ แ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆ( แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ..)"
แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแŠ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… FormแŠก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All A are B.
All B are C.
------------------
Therefore, All A are C.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต informal fallacyแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

Now a day, more than 100 fallacies have been invented. Now let's see some of them.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‰€แ‰€แ‹แŠ• Photo แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ

1โƒฃFallacies of Relevance

Arguments in which the premise is logically irrelevant to establish the conclusion. (Except missing the point)

In this fallacy, although the premise is logically irrelevant, #Psychologically it could be relevant to the conclusion.
แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ the connection between premises and conclusion is emotional. Such arguments are often called non sequiturs แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Argumentative leaps แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแˆ‰แข

แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ Fallacy of Relevance แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต(8) fallacies of relevance แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

1. Appeal to Force
[Argumentum Ad Baculum]

๐Ÿ“Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him if he does not accept the conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ "แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ป แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข"

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ชแŠ แ‰ต: แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŒ:-

"My boy, you must study hard, if not you will be either a criminal or a beggar."

๐Ÿ”–This fallacy always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical or psychological well- being of the listener.
NB: แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• ArgumentแŠก แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก แ‹›แ‰ปแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‰ฅแ‰ป Appeal to Force แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

2. Appeal to Pity
[Argumentum ad misericordiam]

Is committed when one is persuaded to accept the conclusion because of pity or sympathy.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… #แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แŠจappeal to force แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹:-

๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹[Force] แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• [pity] แАแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆฐแˆšแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต [unfortunate consequence] แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆแข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต๐Ÿ‘‡
A weak student to his instructor

"Pr @gtutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘1
Forwarded from G-Tutorialclass
๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 5

๐Ÿ“–INFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ”–What is Fallacy?

A fallacy, in most general terms, is an error or defect or mistake commited in arguments.
แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ "Fallacy" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ "แˆ…แ€แ…" แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ™แ‰ณแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ "แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ/แ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ตแฃ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฑ.."

๐Ÿ”–Depending on the kind of the problems or defects they contain, (i.e., the problems or defects that make them fallacious), arguments may commit either a formal or an informal fallacy. As a result, they are often grouped in two:

Formal fallacies and
Informal fallacies

๐Ÿ“ŒFormal Fallacy is When an argument contains a #structural defect or problem and violates the standard form of a good argument.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆจแ‹ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แ‹จแŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰นแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰น แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Freshmans are Clevers.
Therefore, All Clevers are Freshmans.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Structural defect แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แˆแˆ‰แˆ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Formal FallacyแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ! แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ซแˆแАแŒˆแˆญแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ "formal fallacy are only found in Deductive Argument." แŠฅแА Categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive syllogism formal fallacyแŠ• Commit แˆŠแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆแŒจแˆแˆญแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Elephants are animals.
All mammals are animals.
Therefore, all elephants are mammals.

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ informal fallacy แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จArgumentแŠกแŠ• Structure แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข

๐Ÿ“šINFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ“–Is a fallacy, which is committed due to a defect in the very content of an argument, other than in its structure of form.

Informal fallacies cannot be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of the argument.

"Informal Fallacy"แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ˜แ‹ "แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰นแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰น แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• #แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แŒแ‹ตแˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Informal fallacyแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› Argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แฃ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จinformal fallacy แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ]๐Ÿ‘‡

All factories are plants.
All plants are things that contain chlorophyll. Therefore, all factories are things that contain chlorophyll.

แˆฒแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ แŠ ? แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! " Plant" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ Word แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ Sentence แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต Context แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแฃ แ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆ( แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ..)"
แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแŠ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… FormแŠก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All A are B.
All B are C.
------------------
Therefore, All A are C.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต informal fallacyแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

Now a day, more than 100 fallacies have been invented. Now let's see some of them.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‰€แ‰€แ‹แŠ• Photo แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ

1โƒฃFallacies of Relevance

Arguments in which the premise is logically irrelevant to establish the conclusion. (Except missing the point)

In this fallacy, although the premise is logically irrelevant, #Psychologically it could be relevant to the conclusion.
แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ the connection between premises and conclusion is emotional. Such arguments are often called non sequiturs แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Argumentative leaps แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแˆ‰แข

แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ Fallacy of Relevance แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต(8) fallacies of relevance แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

1. Appeal to Force
[Argumentum Ad Baculum]

๐Ÿ“Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him if he does not accept the conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ "แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ป แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข"

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ชแŠ แ‰ต: แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŒ:-

"My boy, you must study hard, if not you will be either a criminal or a beggar."

๐Ÿ”–This fallacy always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical or psychological well- being of the listener.
NB: แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• ArgumentแŠก แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก แ‹›แ‰ปแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‰ฅแ‰ป Appeal to Force แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

2. Appeal to Pity
[Argumentum ad misericordiam]

Is committed when one is persuaded to accept the conclusion because of pity or sympathy.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… #แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แŠจappeal to force แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹:-

๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹[Force] แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• [pity] แАแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆฐแˆšแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต [unfortunate consequence] แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆแข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต๐Ÿ‘‡
A weak student to his instructor

"Pr @gtutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 5

๐Ÿ“–INFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ”–What is Fallacy?

A fallacy, in most general terms, is an error or defect or mistake commited in arguments.
แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ "Fallacy" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ "แˆ…แ€แ…" แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ™แ‰ณแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ "แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ/แ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ตแฃ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฑ.."

๐Ÿ”–Depending on the kind of the problems or defects they contain, (i.e., the problems or defects that make them fallacious), arguments may commit either a formal or an informal fallacy. As a result, they are often grouped in two:

Formal fallacies and
Informal fallacies

๐Ÿ“ŒFormal Fallacy is When an argument contains a #structural defect or problem and violates the standard form of a good argument.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆจแ‹ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แ‹จแŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰นแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰น แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Freshmans are Clevers.
Therefore, All Clevers are Freshmans.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Structural defect แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แˆแˆ‰แˆ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Formal FallacyแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ! แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ซแˆแАแŒˆแˆญแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ "formal fallacy are only found in Deductive Argument." แŠฅแА Categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive syllogism formal fallacyแŠ• Commit แˆŠแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆแŒจแˆแˆญแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Elephants are animals.
All mammals are animals.
Therefore, all elephants are mammals.

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ informal fallacy แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จArgumentแŠกแŠ• Structure แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข

๐Ÿ“šINFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ“–Is a fallacy, which is committed due to a defect in the very content of an argument, other than in its structure of form.

Informal fallacies cannot be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of the argument.

"Informal Fallacy"แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ˜แ‹ "แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰นแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰น แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• #แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แŒแ‹ตแˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Informal fallacyแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› Argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แฃ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จinformal fallacy แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ]๐Ÿ‘‡

All factories are plants.
All plants are things that contain chlorophyll. Therefore, all factories are things that contain chlorophyll.

แˆฒแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ แŠ ? แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! " Plant" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ Word แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ Sentence แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต Context แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแฃ แ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆ( แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ..)"
แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแŠ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… FormแŠก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All A are B.
All B are C.
------------------
Therefore, All A are C.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต informal fallacyแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

Now a day, more than 100 fallacies have been invented. Now let's see some of them.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‰€แ‰€แ‹แŠ• Photo แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ

1โƒฃFallacies of Relevance

Arguments in which the premise is logically irrelevant to establish the conclusion. (Except missing the point)

In this fallacy, although the premise is logically irrelevant, #Psychologically it could be relevant to the conclusion.
แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ the connection between premises and conclusion is emotional. Such arguments are often called non sequiturs แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Argumentative leaps แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแˆ‰แข

แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ Fallacy of Relevance แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต(8) fallacies of relevance แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

1. Appeal to Force
[Argumentum Ad Baculum]

๐Ÿ“Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him if he does not accept the conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ "แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ป แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข"

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ชแŠ แ‰ต: แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŒ:-

"My boy, you must study hard, if not you will be either a criminal or a beggar."

๐Ÿ”–This fallacy always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical or psychological well- being of the listener.
NB: แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• ArgumentแŠก แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก แ‹›แ‰ปแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‰ฅแ‰ป Appeal to Force แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

2. Appeal to Pity
[Argumentum ad misericordiam]

Is committed when one is persuaded to accept the conclusion because of pity or sympathy.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… #แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แŠจappeal to force แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹:-

๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹[Force] แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• [pity] แАแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆฐแˆšแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต [unfortunate consequence] แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆแข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต๐Ÿ‘‡
A weak student to his instructor

"Pr @gtutorialclass
๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 5

๐Ÿ“–INFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ”–What is Fallacy?

A fallacy, in most general terms, is an error or defect or mistake commited in arguments.
แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ "Fallacy" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ "แˆ…แ€แ…" แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ™แ‰ณแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ "แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ/แ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ตแฃ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฑ.."

๐Ÿ”–Depending on the kind of the problems or defects they contain, (i.e., the problems or defects that make them fallacious), arguments may commit either a formal or an informal fallacy. As a result, they are often grouped in two:

Formal fallacies and
Informal fallacies

๐Ÿ“ŒFormal Fallacy is When an argument contains a #structural defect or problem and violates the standard form of a good argument.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆจแ‹ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แ‹จแŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰นแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰น แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Freshmans are Clevers.
Therefore, All Clevers are Freshmans.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Structural defect แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แˆแˆ‰แˆ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Formal FallacyแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ! แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ซแˆแАแŒˆแˆญแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ "formal fallacy are only found in Deductive Argument." แŠฅแА Categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive syllogism formal fallacyแŠ• Commit แˆŠแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆแŒจแˆแˆญแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Elephants are animals.
All mammals are animals.
Therefore, all elephants are mammals.

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ informal fallacy แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จArgumentแŠกแŠ• Structure แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข

๐Ÿ“šINFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ“–Is a fallacy, which is committed due to a defect in the very content of an argument, other than in its structure of form.

Informal fallacies cannot be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of the argument.

"Informal Fallacy"แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ˜แ‹ "แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰นแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰น แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• #แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แŒแ‹ตแˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Informal fallacyแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› Argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แฃ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จinformal fallacy แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ]๐Ÿ‘‡

All factories are plants.
All plants are things that contain chlorophyll. Therefore, all factories are things that contain chlorophyll.

แˆฒแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ แŠ ? แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! " Plant" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ Word แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ Sentence แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต Context แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแฃ แ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆ( แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ..)"
แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแŠ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… FormแŠก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All A are B.
All B are C.
------------------
Therefore, All A are C.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต informal fallacyแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

Now a day, more than 100 fallacies have been invented. Now let's see some of them.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‰€แ‰€แ‹แŠ• Photo แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ

1โƒฃFallacies of Relevance

Arguments in which the premise is logically irrelevant to establish the conclusion. (Except missing the point)

In this fallacy, although the premise is logically irrelevant, #Psychologically it could be relevant to the conclusion.
แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ the connection between premises and conclusion is emotional. Such arguments are often called non sequiturs แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Argumentative leaps แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแˆ‰แข

แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ Fallacy of Relevance แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต(8) fallacies of relevance แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

1. Appeal to Force
[Argumentum Ad Baculum]

๐Ÿ“Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him if he does not accept the conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ "แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ป แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข"

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ชแŠ แ‰ต: แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŒ:-

"My boy, you must study hard, if not you will be either a criminal or a beggar."

๐Ÿ”–This fallacy always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical or psychological well- being of the listener.
NB: แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• ArgumentแŠก แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก แ‹›แ‰ปแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‰ฅแ‰ป Appeal to Force แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

2. Appeal to Pity
[Argumentum ad misericordiam]

Is committed when one is persuaded to accept the conclusion because of pity or sympathy.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… #แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แŠจappeal to force แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹:-

๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹[Force] แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• [pity] แАแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆฐแˆšแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต [unfortunate consequence] แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆแข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต๐Ÿ‘‡
A weak student to his instructor

"Pr @gtutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘3
๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 5

๐Ÿ“–INFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ”–What is Fallacy?

A fallacy, in most general terms, is an error or defect or mistake commited in arguments.
แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ "Fallacy" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ "แˆ…แ€แ…" แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ™แ‰ณแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ "แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ/แ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ตแฃ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฑ.."

๐Ÿ”–Depending on the kind of the problems or defects they contain, (i.e., the problems or defects that make them fallacious), arguments may commit either a formal or an informal fallacy. As a result, they are often grouped in two:

Formal fallacies and
Informal fallacies

๐Ÿ“ŒFormal Fallacy is When an argument contains a #structural defect or problem and violates the standard form of a good argument.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆจแ‹ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แ‹จแŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰นแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰น แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Freshmans are Clevers.
Therefore, All Clevers are Freshmans.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Structural defect แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แˆแˆ‰แˆ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Formal FallacyแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ! แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ซแˆแАแŒˆแˆญแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ "formal fallacy are only found in Deductive Argument." แŠฅแА Categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive syllogism formal fallacyแŠ• Commit แˆŠแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆแŒจแˆแˆญแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Elephants are animals.
All mammals are animals.
Therefore, all elephants are mammals.

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ informal fallacy แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จArgumentแŠกแŠ• Structure แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข

๐Ÿ“šINFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ“–Is a fallacy, which is committed due to a defect in the very content of an argument, other than in its structure of form.

Informal fallacies cannot be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of the argument.

"Informal Fallacy"แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ˜แ‹ "แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰นแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰น แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• #แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แŒแ‹ตแˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Informal fallacyแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› Argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แฃ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จinformal fallacy แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ]๐Ÿ‘‡

All factories are plants.
All plants are things that contain chlorophyll. Therefore, all factories are things that contain chlorophyll.

แˆฒแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ แŠ ? แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! " Plant" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ Word แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ Sentence แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต Context แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแฃ แ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆ( แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ..)"
แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแŠ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… FormแŠก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All A are B.
All B are C.
------------------
Therefore, All A are C.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต informal fallacyแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

Now a day, more than 100 fallacies have been invented. Now let's see some of them.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‰€แ‰€แ‹แŠ• Photo แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ

1โƒฃFallacies of Relevance

Arguments in which the premise is logically irrelevant to establish the conclusion. (Except missing the point)

In this fallacy, although the premise is logically irrelevant, #Psychologically it could be relevant to the conclusion.
แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ the connection between premises and conclusion is emotional. Such arguments are often called non sequiturs แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Argumentative leaps แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแˆ‰แข

แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ Fallacy of Relevance แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต(8) fallacies of relevance แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

1. Appeal to Force
[Argumentum Ad Baculum]

๐Ÿ“Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him if he does not accept the conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ "แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ป แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข"

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ชแŠ แ‰ต: แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŒ:-

"My boy, you must study hard, if not you will be either a criminal or a beggar."

๐Ÿ”–This fallacy always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical or psychological well- being of the listener.
NB: แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• ArgumentแŠก แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก แ‹›แ‰ปแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‰ฅแ‰ป Appeal to Force แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

2. Appeal to Pity
[Argumentum ad misericordiam]

Is committed when one is persuaded to accept the conclusion because of pity or sympathy.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… #แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แŠจappeal to force แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹:-

๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹[Force] แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• [pity] แАแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆฐแˆšแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต [unfortunate consequence] แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆแข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต๐Ÿ‘‡
A weak student to his instructor

"Pr @gtutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘5
๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 5

๐Ÿ“–INFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ”–What is Fallacy?

A fallacy, in most general terms, is an error or defect or mistake commited in arguments.
แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ "Fallacy" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ "แˆ…แ€แ…" แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ™แ‰ณแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ "แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ/แ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ตแฃ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฑ.."

๐Ÿ”–Depending on the kind of the problems or defects they contain, (i.e., the problems or defects that make them fallacious), arguments may commit either a formal or an informal fallacy. As a result, they are often grouped in two:

Formal fallacies and
Informal fallacies

๐Ÿ“ŒFormal Fallacy is When an argument contains a #structural defect or problem and violates the standard form of a good argument.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆจแ‹ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แ‹จแŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰นแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰น แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Freshmans are Clevers.
Therefore, All Clevers are Freshmans.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Structural defect แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แˆแˆ‰แˆ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Formal FallacyแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ! แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ซแˆแАแŒˆแˆญแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ "formal fallacy are only found in Deductive Argument." แŠฅแА Categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive syllogism formal fallacyแŠ• Commit แˆŠแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆแŒจแˆแˆญแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Elephants are animals.
All mammals are animals.
Therefore, all elephants are mammals.

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ informal fallacy แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จArgumentแŠกแŠ• Structure แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข

๐Ÿ“šINFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ“–Is a fallacy, which is committed due to a defect in the very content of an argument, other than in its structure of form.

Informal fallacies cannot be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of the argument.

"Informal Fallacy"แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ˜แ‹ "แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰นแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰น แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• #แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แŒแ‹ตแˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Informal fallacyแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› Argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แฃ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จinformal fallacy แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ]๐Ÿ‘‡

All factories are plants.
All plants are things that contain chlorophyll. Therefore, all factories are things that contain chlorophyll.

แˆฒแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ แŠ ? แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! " Plant" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ Word แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ Sentence แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต Context แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแฃ แ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆ( แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ..)"
แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแŠ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… FormแŠก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All A are B.
All B are C.
------------------
Therefore, All A are C.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต informal fallacyแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

Now a day, more than 100 fallacies have been invented. Now let's see some of them.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‰€แ‰€แ‹แŠ• Photo แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ

1โƒฃFallacies of Relevance

Arguments in which the premise is logically irrelevant to establish the conclusion. (Except missing the point)

In this fallacy, although the premise is logically irrelevant, #Psychologically it could be relevant to the conclusion.
แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ the connection between premises and conclusion is emotional. Such arguments are often called non sequiturs แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Argumentative leaps แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแˆ‰แข

แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ Fallacy of Relevance แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต(8) fallacies of relevance แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

1. Appeal to Force
[Argumentum Ad Baculum]

๐Ÿ“Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him if he does not accept the conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ "แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ป แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข"

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ชแŠ แ‰ต: แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŒ:-

"My boy, you must study hard, if not you will be either a criminal or a beggar."

๐Ÿ”–This fallacy always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical or psychological well- being of the listener.
NB: แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• ArgumentแŠก แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก แ‹›แ‰ปแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‰ฅแ‰ป Appeal to Force แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

2. Appeal to Pity
[Argumentum ad misericordiam]

Is committed when one is persuaded to accept the conclusion because of pity or sympathy.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… #แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แŠจappeal to force แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹:-

๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹[Force] แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• [pity] แАแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆฐแˆšแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต [unfortunate consequence] แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆแข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต๐Ÿ‘‡
A weak student to his instructor

"Pr @gtutorialclass
๐Ÿ‘3โค1