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๐Ÿ’Š Pharmacy | แ‹แˆญแˆ›แˆฒ

๐Ÿฆ แ‹แˆญแˆ›แˆฒ แŠจ other health แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แ‹ตแˆฑ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แˆตแˆญแŠ แ‰ต freshman course แŒจแˆแˆฎ แ‹จ5 แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แАแ‹ แข
แ‹แˆญแˆ›แˆฒ แˆตแ‰ตแŒˆแ‰ก แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆ›แˆฏแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฎแˆญแˆถแ‰ฝ mostly chemistry แАแŠญ around [ 60%] ,biological around [25%] แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆ‰ แขแˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… chemistry แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแ‹ตแŠ“ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆช แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‹‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ”ฌแ‹แˆญแˆ›แˆฒ แˆตแ‰ตแˆ›แˆฉ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ฑ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แฆ

๐Ÿ”บแ‹จแˆ˜แ‹ตแˆƒแŠ’แ‰ต แ‰…แˆ˜แˆ› แ‰ แˆ‹แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ถแˆช แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แค แŠจแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‹แ‹Š แˆ…แŠญแˆแŠ“แŠ“ แŠจแŠฅแ…แ‹‹แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆƒแŠ’แ‰ต แˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‰  แ‰ณแ‹แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ  แค แ‰ แˆ‹แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ถแˆช แ‹แˆตแŒฅ lotion, cream, gel, shampoo, sanitaizer....แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แŠฎแˆตแˆžแ‰ฒแŠญแˆต แ‰ณแˆ˜แˆญแ‰ณแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แคแˆ˜แ‹ตแˆƒแŠ’แ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแŒฅ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹แŒ‹แ‰ต แ‰ตแˆ˜แˆซแˆ˜แˆซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹˜แ‰ฐ....

๐Ÿ’Šแ‰ แ‹แˆญแˆ›แˆฒ แˆตแ‰ตแˆ˜แˆจแ‰ แˆแŠ• แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ? แŒˆแ‰ขแ‹แˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แАแ‹ ? ๐Ÿค”

1๏ธโƒฃ, clinical pharmacy แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ hospital แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแ‰€แŒฅแˆซแ‰ฝแˆ

2๏ธโƒฃ, ๐Ÿงชpharmaceutical company แ‹จแˆ˜แ‹ตแˆƒแŠ’แ‰ต แ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแА แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แ‹จแŠฎแˆตแˆžแ‰ฒแŠญแˆต แ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ แŒ‹แˆญ

3๏ธโƒฃ, แ‹จแˆ˜แ‹ตแˆƒแŠ’แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแˆแŒแ‰ฅ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰กแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแŒกแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แˆแ‰ฐแˆฝ

4๏ธโƒฃ, แ‰ แŒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ community pharmacy แ‰ แˆ˜แŠญแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ปแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒแ‹Ÿแ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแˆ†แА แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŠ แ‹‹แŒญ แАแ‹แข

5๏ธโƒฃ, ๐Ÿ’‰แ‹จแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆ…แŠญแˆแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆƒแŠ’แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰แˆณแ‰แˆต แ‰  pharmacist แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แˆตแˆญ แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‹›แ‹ (แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แˆญแ‰ แ‹) แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠฅแ‹› แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐ แˆ™แ‹ซ แŠ แˆˆแข

6๏ธโƒฃ, แ‹จ fingerprint,forensics, food toxicity,drug toxicity,.....แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ แˆแˆญแˆ˜แˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆ‹แˆ แข

7๏ธโƒฃ, แŠฅแŠ› แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆ แ‰ฃแ‹ญแŠ–แˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‹ตแˆƒแŠ’แ‰ต แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ตแŠ“ แˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆ แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ

โญ•๏ธแˆตแˆˆ แŒˆแ‰ขแ‹แฆ แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ“แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แ‹แˆญแˆ›แˆฒ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต  แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆจแ‰ƒแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แˆตแˆˆ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แŠ แ‹ซแˆณแˆตแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆแˆ แข แŠฅแ‹ซแŒ‹แАแŠ•แŠฉ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ แŠจแ‰ปแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‰ตแˆ†แŠ“แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แข แˆตแˆˆ แ‹แˆญแˆ›แˆฒ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ แ‰€แ‹ตแˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแˆšแАแŒแˆฏแ‰ฝแˆ businesses แАแ‹แŠ“ แŠฅแˆฑ แŠ แ‹ซแˆณแˆตแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แข

๐Ÿ“Œแˆตแˆซ แˆ‹แˆ‹แŒˆแŠ แŠฅแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแˆ? แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แ‹จแŒคแŠ“ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆช แŠจhospital,แŒคแŠ“ แŒฃแ‰ขแ‹ซ แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ plus แˆŒแˆ‹ แŠ แˆ›แˆซแŒญ แ‰ แŒแˆ แ‰ตแˆฐแˆซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจ แ‰ฐแˆซ  แ‰แŒฅแˆญ 2-7 แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ต แŠ แˆ›แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แข

๐Ÿ“บแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ฑ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆต แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ? pharmacy แŠจ medicine แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰€แŒ แˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แŠจแ‰ แ‹ต แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• chemistry,biology and labolatory แАแŠญ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆšแˆฐแˆซแŠ“ แˆˆแˆšแ‹ซแАแ‰ฅ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆช แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แˆ›แˆˆแ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ แข แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹ฌ แ‹ฉแŠ•แ‰จแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒแ‹ แ‰€แˆˆแˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแˆแˆฉแˆ แŠ แˆ‰ แข แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŒ แŠ•แŠจแˆญ แ‹ซแˆˆ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆช แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ˜แŒฃแˆแข

๐Ÿ”˜แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹แˆญแˆ›แˆฒ แŠจแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŒคแŠ“ แ‹˜แˆญแŽแ‰ฝ แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แˆ˜แˆตแŠฎแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ“ แŒฅแˆฉ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แŠญแแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿš–แˆตแˆˆ แŠแˆแ‹ต แˆ˜แˆจแŒฃ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ medicine แŒˆแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แˆดแˆœแˆตแ‰ฐแˆญ แŠฎแˆญแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒจแˆจแˆณแ‰ฝแˆ แАแ‹ แข แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ other health แŒแŠ• 1แŠ› แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แŠจแŒจแˆจแˆณแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แАแ‹แข

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Psychology is a relatively new field in the realm of the sciences, only about 125 years old. It began as a science of its own in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany, with the establishment of a psychology laboratory in the University of Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt.
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Who is the Father of modern Pyschology? แ‰ขแ‰ฃแˆ แˆ˜แˆแˆฑ แŒแˆแ… แАแ‹:- Wundt.

Once psychology begun to use the scientific method, it then went through successive developments in which different schools of thought(pyschology) were emerged.

๐Ÿ’กOld(early) School of Pyschology
๐Ÿ’กModern School of Pyschology

โžคEarly School of Physchology
แ‰†แ‹ญ first School of Physchology แˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹?
แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐ "แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แŠจแ‹‰แˆญแˆต แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃ แАแ‹แข" แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ "แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆญแ‰ แ‰ต Environment" แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆแ‰ณแˆตแ‰ก แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ let's take subExample แˆฐแ‹ แˆฒแŠ“แ‹ฐแ‹ฐ แŠจแ‹ˆแˆ‹แŒ†แ‰น แ‹ˆแˆญแˆถ แАแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆŒแˆ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต Thought แˆฒแŠ–แˆซแ‰ฝแˆแฃ แ‹ซแŠ• แŒŠแ‹œ School of physchology(thought) แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข Simply it the system of thinking abt certain issue.

There are five early School of Thought.
๐Ÿ“ŒStructuralism
๐Ÿ“ŒFunctionalism
๐Ÿ“ŒGestalt Psychology
๐Ÿ“ŒBehaviourism
๐Ÿ“Œpsychoanalysis

1โƒฃStructuralism- It views Phsychology as a study of structure of mind.
๐ŸŒนแ‹ญแˆ„แŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแˆณแŠฎแˆŽแŒ‚ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆณแ‹ญแŠฎแˆŽแŒ‚แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ฅแˆซแˆซแ‹ "แˆณแ‹ญแŠฎแˆŽแŒ‚แŠ• แˆตแˆˆ แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆฎ แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ(Structure) แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แАแ‹แข" แ‰ฅแˆŽ แАแ‹

๐ŸŒนแ‹จแ‹šแŠ›แ‹แŠ• School of Psychology แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ฝแˆต แˆ›แŠ• แАแ‰ แˆญ? Titchner แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆ แ‹จWundts แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆช แАแ‰ แˆญแข
Wundts แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แАแ‹ แˆจแˆณแ‰นแ‰ต๐Ÿ˜Š
แ‹จแ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Šแ‹(Modern) pschology แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ฝ แАแ‰ แˆญแข
๐ŸŒนแŠฅแŠ“ Structuralism แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แАแŒฅแАแ‹ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆฎแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ(make up) แŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰…แŠ• UnitแŠฆแ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ ElementแŠฆแ‰ฝ
แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹แฃ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แˆˆMind แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹?
โœงimages
โœงfeelings
โœงsensations แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆ‰แข
StructuralistแŠฆแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆšแ‹ซแˆแŠ‘แ‰ต แŠจแˆ†แА แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆฎ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐแ‹ แŠจแŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…๐Ÿ‘† แˆถแˆตแ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹แค แˆณแ‹ญแŠฎแˆŽแŒ‚แˆ แˆตแˆˆ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“ แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆŽแ‹ แ‹ซแˆแŠ“แˆ‰แข แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐแˆ แŠฅแˆ˜แŠ‘ แŠจแˆแˆˆแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿค“

2โƒฃFunctionalism แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž Structuralism (แˆณแ‹ญแŠฎแˆŽแŒ‚ แˆตแˆˆ แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆฎ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต) แˆˆแˆณแ‹ญแŠฎแˆŽแŒ‚ แ‰ แ‰‚ แˆ›แ‰ฅแˆซแˆญแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹ญแˆ†แАแ‹แˆแฃ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แˆŒแˆ‹ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ(School of Psychology) แŠ แˆ˜แŒกแข แ‹จแАแ‹šแˆ… แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•?๐Ÿค”

๐ŸŒนFunctionalist views psychology as a study of function of the mind.
แˆณแ‹ญแŠฎแˆŽแŒ‚ แˆตแˆˆ แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆฎ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แˆตแˆˆ แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆฎ แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆญ(function) แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“ แАแ‹แข

๐ŸŒนแ‹จแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ฝ แˆ›แŠ•
แАแ‹? William James แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆ( แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆณแ‹ญแŠฎแˆŽแŒ‚ แˆ˜แ…แˆแ แ‹จแƒแˆแ‹ แˆฐแ‹แ‹ฌ)

แ‹ญแ‰บ แ‹จWilliamแŠ• แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‰ณแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹Žแˆˆแ‰ฝ๐Ÿ‘‡
Unlike Wundt and Titchener, James focused on how the mind allows people to function in the real world; how people work, play, and adapt to their surroundings, a viewpoint he called functionalism.

3โƒฃGestalt Psychology
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซ gestalt แ‰ƒแˆ‰ แˆซแˆฑ
แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‹? German(แ‹จแŒ€แˆญแˆ˜แŠ•) word แАแ‹แฃ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ™ form, whole, configuration or pattern(แŠ แ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰…แˆญแ… แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแˆญแŒŽแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

๐ŸŒนIt views psychology as a study of the whole mind.
แ‹ญแˆ„ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž structuralismแˆแˆ แˆ†แА Functionalism PsychologyแŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‹ซแ‰ฅแˆซแˆซแ‹แˆแข แˆณแ‹ญแŠฎแˆŽแŒ‚ แˆฐแˆˆ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆ แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆฎ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“ แАแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

๐ŸŒนแ‹จแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ Founder แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต Max Wertheimer แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ“แ‹ฐแŠžแ‰น แАแ‰ แˆฉแข

โœ…By the way GestaltแŠฆแ‰ฝ แ‰ Structuralism แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ(แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆฎ แ‹จแŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰ƒแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ Combination แАแ‹) แŠ แ‹ญแˆตแˆ›แˆ™แˆแข๐Ÿ˜Š แŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐแˆต?

They held that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Means mind is greater than its parts (images, sensations, and feelings) แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น
Gestalts แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ต The Whole แАแ‹
Structuralists แ‹ฐแŒแˆ The sum แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ–‡แ‹ซแˆ แˆ†แА แ‹ญแˆ… แˆถแˆตแ‰ฑแˆ School of Psychology แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆฎแฃ แ‹แˆตแŒฃแ‹Šแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹จแ‹ แˆแˆแˆแ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‰ แˆญแข

แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠฅแŠ› PsychologyแŠ• แˆตแŠ“แŒ แŠ“ Sceintific แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‹ฌแˆˆ
๐Ÿ˜Šแˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แˆณแ‹Š แ‰ แˆ†แА แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆณแ‹ญแŠฎแˆŽแŒ‚แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆจแ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹แŒซแ‹ŠแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแАแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆแข
แˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แˆฒแ‰ฃแˆ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแˆแŒ แˆฉ๐Ÿ™ˆ

4โƒฃBehaviorism:

๐ŸŒนbehaviorists view psychology as a study of observable and measurable behaviors.
แˆณแ‹ญแŠฎแˆŽแŒ‚ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹จแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆแŠ•แŒˆแˆ˜แŒแˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แАแ‹แฅ แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠจแ‹แˆตแŒฃแ‹Šแ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆฎ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ“แŠ˜แ‹
แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ๐Ÿ™„ แŠ แˆ‰แข

๐ŸŒนJohn B. Watson is the founder of behaviorism.
แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ญแˆ„ แˆฐแ‹แ‹ฌ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆแАแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆชแŠ•
แŠฅแŠ•แˆ›แˆจแ‹‹แˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แŠจแ‹ˆแˆ‹แŒ†แ‰ปแ‰ธแŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‹ˆแˆญแˆฐแ‹แˆ แ‰ฅแˆ แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆแข

แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แˆซแ‰ฑแˆ School of Psychology แ‰ แ‰‚ แŠ แˆแАแ‰ แˆฉแˆแฃ
แŠจแ‹› แˆŒแˆ‹ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แŒฃแข

5โƒฃPsychoanalysis:
๐ŸŒท psychology studies about the components of the unconscious part of the human mind.

๐ŸŒนSigmund Freud (1856-1939) is the founder of this school of thought.

แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ญแˆ„ แˆฐแ‹แ‹ฌ แ‹ถแŠญแ‰ฐแˆญ แˆตแˆˆแАแ‰ แˆญ๐Ÿ˜‹
แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆšแ‹Žแ‰นแŠ• แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ…แˆ˜แˆ˜แ‰ปแ‹ #แˆแŠ•แŒญ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰… แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆแฃ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆญแˆแˆฎแˆ
แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠแˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆžแˆ แ‰ณแˆ›แˆšแ‹Žแ‰นแˆ
แŠฅแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แ‹ซแ‹แ‰แ‰ตแˆ๐Ÿ˜”
๐Ÿ–‡แ‹ญแˆ„ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ…แˆ˜แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แˆแŠ•แŒญ (cause) Non-Physical or Emotional แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
๐Ÿ–‡แ‹จแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• illness
(แˆ…แˆ˜แˆ˜) Sigmund..."hysteria" แ‰ฅแˆŽ
แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแ‹‹แˆแข

Modern schools of psychology

แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆตแ‹ตแˆตแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹๐Ÿ‘‡
โžจpsychodynamic,
โžจbehavioral
โžจhumanistic
โžจcognitive
โžจbiological and
โžจsociocult

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๐Ÿ‘5
Anthropology แ‹จแŒ€แˆ˜แˆซแ‰ฝแˆ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆณแ‹แ‰แŠ• แ‹ญแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒƒแˆ


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Psychology Mid Exam
[A+ Tutorial Class]

Read the following statements Carefully and Write True or False.

1. Sensory Adaptation lets you detect potentially important change in your environment while ignoring unchanging aspects of it.

2. A reinforcement is a stimulus that weakens the response or makes it less likely to occur.

3. The decay Theory holds that the Trace simply fades away with nothing left behid, due to passage of time.

4. Over learn is one of the ways to improve memory.

5. Retrieval occurs when information is brought to mind from storage.

Choose the best Answer

6. Which of the following is not organizing principle of Perception?
A. Proximity
B. Continuation
C. Law of Closure
D. Convergence

7. Which of the following is correct about Retinal disparity?
A. It is the degree of difference between the image of an object that are focused on thee single retina.
B. It's one of the monocular cues
C. The Closer the Object, the greater is the retinal disparity
D. It is two dimensional perception

8. From the following, One is Not Correct About Learning?
A. Learning is responsive to incentives
B. Learning is Pervasive
C. Learning is Multifaceted
D. Learning is a Passive Process

9. A Stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned is called:
A. Conditioned Stimulus
B. Unconditioned Stimulus
C. Neutral Stimulus
D. Unconditioned Response

10._is the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning.
A. Stimulus generalization
B. Extinction
C. Spontaneous recovery
D. Stimulus Discrimination

11. If someone nags you all the time to stud, but stops nagging when you comply, your studying is likely to increase-because you will then avoid nagging. This implies
A. Negative punishment
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Positive punishment
D. Postive reinforcement

12. Which schedule of reinforcement is often used by Employers to increase productivity?
A. Variable ratio schedule
B. Fixed interval schedule
C. Fixed ratio schedule
D. Variable interval schedule

13. Short term memory is
A. Active
B. Rapid accessibility
C. Limited capacity
D. All Except B

14. Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning?
A. Shelly gets $50 after getting a 90 percent in her math class.
B. A pigeon learns to peck a disc to get food pellets.
C. A dog learns to turn in circles for a reward.
D. A baby takes his fi rst steps.
E. A horse jumps over a fence to avoid an electric shock

15. Which of the following statements best explains one major difference between short-term memory and long-term memory?
A. Long-term memory is unlimited in capacity while short-term memory is not.
B. Long-term memory holds only episodic memories while short-term memory does not.
C. Long-term memory varies a great deal from one person to another, while short-term memory does not.
D. In terms of processing, long-term memory comes directly after sensory memory while short-term memory does not.
E. Long-term memory depends on neural connections in the limbic system while short-term memory does not.

Give the Correct Answer for the following

16. Write the factors that are important that are important for the effectiveness of Punishment

17. What are four conditions that are necessary before an individual can successfully model the behavior of someone else according to Bandura

18. What is a Serial Position effect

19. According to George Miller the stimated capacity of Short Term Memory is to be the magic number____

20. Suppose a oneyear old child is playing with a toy near an electrical outlet. He sticks part of the toy into the outlet. He gets shocked, becomes frightened, and begins to cry. For several days after that experience, he shows fear when his mother gives him the toy and he refuses to play with it. What is

a) UCS(Unconditioned stimulus)_

b) UCR(Unconditioned
Response) _

c) CS(Conditioned Stimulus)___

d) CR(Conditioned Response)__

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๐Ÿ“‘ Emerging Technologies Test

โžก๏ธ Wachemo University


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Raymond_A_Serway,_Chris_Vuille_College_Physics_2017,_Brooks_Cole.pdf
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๐Ÿ“SERWAY PHYSICS

โญ๏ธแ‰ แˆŒแŠญแ‰ธแˆจแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŠจแˆญ แˆแˆญแŒฅ reference แАแ‹!EVEN แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแˆซแˆฑ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‹ญแ‹ˆแŒฃแˆ‰

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MATH SOCIAL 2015 SOCIAL (1).pdf
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๐Ÿ“ƒADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

๐Ÿ”‹ 2015

๐ŸšงSOCIAL MATHS FINAL EXAM

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โœ…Software ENGINEERINGโ€ผ๏ธ

๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ’ป แˆถแแ‰ตแ‹Œแˆญ แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆชแŠ•แŒ  แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แˆฐแŠ แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแˆแˆ‹แŒŠ แŠฅแ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแˆ˜แŒฃ แ‹จ แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆชแŠ•แŒ แŠแˆแ‹ต แАแ‹ แขแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆถแแ‰ตแ‹Œแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แ•แˆแŠฌแˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝแŠ•  แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแˆ˜แแŒ แˆญ แ‰ แ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆฒแ‰ฒ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒ แ‹ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแ ' แˆถแแ‰ตแ‹Œแˆญ แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆชแŠ•แŒ ' แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแˆแข

   ๐ŸŸข แ‰  แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แˆแˆจแ‰ƒ แ‹ฒแŒแˆช แˆ˜แˆญแˆ แŒแ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแˆตแŠ•แ‰ต แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แАแ‹โ“

โœ… แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠžแ‰น แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆฒแ‰ฒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ 5 แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ต  แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แŠฅแА แˆ˜แ‰€แˆŒ แ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆฒแ‰ฒ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จ 4 แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แАแ‹ แข  

    ๐ŸŽš แˆแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆช แАแ‹ Software Engineeering แˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตโ“

โฐ Software Engineering แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต programming แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แˆชแ แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹แŠ•แ‰ฃแˆŒ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ขแŒˆแ‰กแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆจแŒฃแˆแขแˆถแแ‰ตแ‹Œแˆญ แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆชแŠ•แŒ  แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒก แ‹จ programming language แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• Maths แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แˆชแ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆจแŒฃแˆแข

โœ… Software Engineeering แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰ก แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ดแ‰ณ แˆ›แ‹ˆแ‰… แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆแŠ• แˆแŠ• แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹โ“

๐Ÿ”ต แˆถแแ‰ตแ‹Œแˆญ แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆชแŠ•แŒ แ‹จแˆšแˆ›แˆญ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆช แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แˆจแ‹˜แˆฉแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จ Programming Language แ‹จแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแ แŒแ‹ดแ‰ณ แˆ˜แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ›แ‹ˆแ‰… แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰…แ‰ แ‰ณแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡แข

             โ–ถ๏ธSome of main programming languags are
    
                            ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ’ปโ€ข  C++
                            ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ปโ€ข  JAVA
                            ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ’ปโ€ข  PYHTON
                            ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ปโ€ข  C#
                            ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ’ปโ€ข  HTML
                            ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ’ปโ€ข  CSS
                            ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ’ปโ€ข  JAVASCRPT

๐Ÿ”ต แ‰  Software Engineeering แ‹จแˆ™แ‹ซ แ‹˜แˆญแ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฅแ‰ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแŠฌแ‰ณแˆ› แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซ แˆแŠ• แˆแŠ• แˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Š แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ซแŠจแŠ“แ‹แŠ“แˆโ“

โ–ถ๏ธ แˆถแแ‰ตแ‹Œแˆญ แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆชแŠ•แŒ  แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แŠ แ•แˆŠแŠฌแˆฝแŠ• แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แŠ“ แˆ˜แแŒ แˆญแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ณแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ Application Ena Software Develope แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แАแ‹แข

โžก๏ธA SOFTWARE ENGINEER is someone who:

๐Ÿ”ตโ€ข Designs, builds, and tests software applications.
๐Ÿ”ตโ€ข  Understands user requirements and solves problems using coding/technology.
๐Ÿ”ตโ€ข  Uses programming languages to turn instructions into something a computer can understand.

โœ… แ‰  Software Engineeering แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆจแ‰€ แˆฐแ‹ แˆแŠ• แˆแŠ• แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆโ“

1.  Applications Developer
2.  Cyber Security Analyst
3.  Game Developer
4.  Information Systems Manager
5.  IT Consultant
6.  Multimedia Programmer
7.  Web Developer
8.  Web Designer
9.  Software Engineer

๐ŸŒž Software Engineeering  แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆ‰ แŠฅแˆตแŠจแˆแŠ• แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แАแ‹โ“

๐ŸŒ‘ แ‰  Software Engineeering แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆญแ‰„ แˆตแˆซ แˆ‹แˆ‹แŒˆแŠ แŠฅแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแˆ๐Ÿค”โ“ แŠ แ‰ตแˆตแŒ‰ แˆฐแŠ แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แ‹•แ‹ตแˆ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠแ‰ แ‰ณแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹แˆ แŠจแˆˆแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จ Engineering แŠแˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ญแ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแŒแ‹ต แ‹จ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆตแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แ‰€แŒ แˆญ แŠ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰…แ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆแˆแข แ‰  Software Engineering แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆจแ‰€ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆช แ‰ แˆซแˆฑ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ“š แ‹จ Software Engineeering แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆต แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿค”โ“

๐ŸŒŽ แ‰  Software Engineering แˆตแˆญ แŠจแˆšแˆฐแŒก แŠฎแˆญแˆถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แˆ€แŠžแ‰น programming languages แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแАแˆฑแŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ณแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ Practise แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠจแ‰ปแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ฐแˆต แ‹จแˆšแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ easy แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

              โžก๏ธ แŒˆแ‰ขแ‹แˆต แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแŠญแˆ แАแ‹๐Ÿ˜€โ“

๐ŸŸฃ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จ Software Engineering แˆแˆฉแ‰… แˆตแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แˆชแ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แ‹ฐแˆžแ‹ แ‹ซแŒˆแŠ›แˆแข แ‰  แ‹ˆแˆญ แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ•แˆน แˆ˜แАแˆป แ‹ฐแˆžแ‹ แŠจ10,000 แ‰ฅแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแ‹› แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ณแŒˆแŠ›แˆ‹แ‰น แ‰ แ‹› แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠ› แˆตแˆซ แ‹แŒช แ‰ แŒแˆ แ‹จแˆซแˆณแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แˆตแˆซ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแˆšแˆ˜แ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŠ แˆชแ แŒˆแ‰ข แ‹ญแŠ–แˆซแ‰ฝแŠ‹แˆแข

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MATH SOCIAL 2015 SOCIAL (1).pdf
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๐Ÿ“ƒADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

๐Ÿ”‹ 2015

๐ŸšงSOCIAL MATHS FINAL EXAM


๐Ÿ“๐Ÿ™Œแ‹ญแ‰€แˆ‹แ‰€แˆ‰

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What is life?

Life is a journey between B and D

B= Birth
D= Death,
     but C in between. and what is C?

C is a choice.

Want to suffer? You have a choice to suffer or not suffer. Take your choice then live happily!

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๐Ÿ‘3
๐Ÿ“šCHAPTER 5

๐Ÿ“–INFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ”–What is Fallacy?

A fallacy, in most general terms, is an error or defect or mistake commited in arguments.
แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ "Fallacy" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ "แˆ…แ€แ…" แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ™แ‰ณแˆแฃ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แ‰ตแˆญแŒ‰แˆ "แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ/แ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ณแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ตแฃ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฑ.."

๐Ÿ”–Depending on the kind of the problems or defects they contain, (i.e., the problems or defects that make them fallacious), arguments may commit either a formal or an informal fallacy. As a result, they are often grouped in two:

Formal fallacies and
Informal fallacies

๐Ÿ“ŒFormal Fallacy is When an argument contains a #structural defect or problem and violates the standard form of a good argument.
๐Ÿ“Œแ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆจแ‹ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แ‹จแŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰นแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰น แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฉแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Freshmans are Clevers.
Therefore, All Clevers are Freshmans.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠ แˆแŠ• Structural defect แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แˆแˆ‰แˆ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŒŽแ‰ แ‹ แแˆฌแˆฝแˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… Formal FallacyแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ! แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ซแˆแАแŒˆแˆญแŠณแ‰ฝแˆ "formal fallacy are only found in Deductive Argument." แŠฅแА Categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive syllogism formal fallacyแŠ• Commit แˆŠแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆแŒจแˆแˆญแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All Elephants are animals.
All mammals are animals.
Therefore, all elephants are mammals.

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ informal fallacy แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จArgumentแŠกแŠ• Structure แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแข

๐Ÿ“šINFORMAL FALLACIES

๐Ÿ“–Is a fallacy, which is committed due to a defect in the very content of an argument, other than in its structure of form.

Informal fallacies cannot be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of the argument.

"Informal Fallacy"แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‰แˆ˜แ‹ "แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰นแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแแ‰ฐ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰น แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰…แˆญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• #แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฎ แŒแ‹ตแˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Informal fallacyแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› Argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แฃ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จinformal fallacy แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต [แŠจแˆžแŒแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ]๐Ÿ‘‡

All factories are plants.
All plants are things that contain chlorophyll. Therefore, all factories are things that contain chlorophyll.

แˆฒแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› argument แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ แŠ ? แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! " Plant" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ Word แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ Sentence แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต Context แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ! แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแฃ แ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆ( แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ..)"
แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ Plant แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแŠ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… FormแŠก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ๐Ÿ‘‡
All A are B.
All B are C.
------------------
Therefore, All A are C.

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŠซแˆ‹แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต informal fallacyแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

Now a day, more than 100 fallacies have been invented. Now let's see some of them.
แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‰€แ‰€แ‹แŠ• Photo แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ

1โƒฃFallacies of Relevance

Arguments in which the premise is logically irrelevant to establish the conclusion. (Except missing the point)

In this fallacy, although the premise is logically irrelevant, #Psychologically it could be relevant to the conclusion.
แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ the connection between premises and conclusion is emotional. Such arguments are often called non sequiturs แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ Argumentative leaps แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แˆซแˆ‰แข

แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ Fallacy of Relevance แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆญ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต(8) fallacies of relevance แŠฅแŠ“แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

1. Appeal to Force
[Argumentum Ad Baculum]

๐Ÿ“Occurs when an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him if he does not accept the conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ "แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ›แˆณแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ป แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข"

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠฅแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ชแŠ แ‰ต: แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆˆแˆแŒ:-

"My boy, you must study hard, if not you will be either a criminal or a beggar."

๐Ÿ”–This fallacy always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical or psychological well- being of the listener.
NB: แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• ArgumentแŠก แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก แ‹›แ‰ปแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‰ฅแ‰ป Appeal to Force แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

2. Appeal to Pity
[Argumentum ad misericordiam]

Is committed when one is persuaded to accept the conclusion because of pity or sympathy.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… #แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แŠจappeal to force แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹จแ‹:-

๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹[Force] แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹˜แŠ• [pity] แАแ‹แข
๐Ÿ“แ‹ซแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆฐแˆšแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต [unfortunate consequence] แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆแข

แŠฅแˆตแŠช แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต๐Ÿ‘‡
A weak student to his instructor

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แŠ แŒƒแ‹ญแ‰ฅ แАแ‹ ๐Ÿค”๐Ÿค”๐Ÿค”๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜‚แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆซแ‰ƒแ‹Š แŠกแŒ‹แŠ•แ‹ณ แАแ‹‹แˆชแАแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‹จ70 แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แŠ แ‹›แ‹แŠ•แ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แˆ˜แŒˆแ‰ฅ แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แˆ†แŠ–แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ แˆˆแˆแŠ• แŠ แ‰ตแˆ‰แˆ ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป
แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ก แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแˆ˜แˆตแ‹แ‰ฑ แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แŠจแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แˆแŒ†แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆญ แ‹จแˆแŒ†แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆฑ แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ‰ แˆ™แˆณ แˆ€แˆณแˆ…แ‹ซ แŠซแˆดแˆซ แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆ‰แข
แАแ‹‹แˆชแАแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆซแ‰ƒแ‹Š แŠกแŒ‹แŠ•แ‹ณ แˆ™แŠชแ‹› แˆ˜แŠ•แ‹ฐแˆญ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จ70 แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แŠ แ‹›แ‹แŠ•แ‰ต แˆฐแŠ แ‰แŒฅแˆญ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆ€แŠ• แˆ˜แАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆญแ‹ซ แˆ†แАแ‹ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‹จแˆƒแˆณแˆ…แ‹ซ แ‰ณแˆชแŠญ แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ก แ‰ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แˆšแ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆซแŒจแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆŽ โ€œแ‰ แŠ แˆˆแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŒ แˆฉ แˆฐแ‹โ€ แ‰ แˆšแˆ แˆตแ‹ซแˆœ แ‰ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‹™แˆชแ‹ซ แˆ˜แАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆญแ‹ซ แˆ†แАแ‹‹แˆแกแก

12 แˆšแˆตแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แฃ 102 แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ 578 แ‹จแˆแŒ… แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‹ˆแˆซ แŠจแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แˆแŒแ‰ฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆŸแˆ‹แ‰ต แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แАแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแАแŒˆแˆจ แАแ‹แกแก

แ‰ 1972 แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แˆšแˆตแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ 17 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ซแŒˆแ‰กแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแ‹ˆแˆซแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰แ‰ต แŠ แˆฅแˆญแ‰ฐ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‰ แŠจแ‰ฅแ‰ต แАแŒ‹แ‹ดแАแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฐแŒˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒฃแ‹ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แ‹ฐแˆฉ แАแ‹‹แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแˆ€แˆณแˆ…แ‹ซ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹›แˆ˜แ‹ต แˆดแ‰ต แˆแŒ†แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ก แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ“แˆแกแก

แ‰€แˆต แ‰ แ‰€แˆต12 แŠจแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฑ แˆšแˆตแ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ 102 แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแ‹ฑแ‰ต แŠ แ‹›แ‹แŠ•แ‰ฑ แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŒ†แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆœ แ‹แ‰…แ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ 10 แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž 50 แАแ‹แกแก

แŠ แ‹›แ‹แŠ•แ‰ฑ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‹ˆแˆซ โ€œแ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แˆแŒ„แŠ• แˆตแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆต แŠฅแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแˆแฃ แ‹จแˆŒแˆŽแ‰น แŒแŠ• แˆตแˆ›แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆต แŠ แˆแ‰ฝแˆแˆโ€ แˆฒแˆ‰ แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ‰แกแก

แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แŠซแˆ‹แˆแ‹ แˆ€แˆ‹แŠแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆแ‰ฐแˆžแˆ‹แ‰ แ‰ต แ‹แˆณแŠ”แ‹จ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‰ฐแˆแˆฌแ‹ซแˆˆแˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹›แ‹แŠ•แ‰ฑ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‹ˆแˆซ แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแŒ… แˆ‹แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹แˆˆแ‹ต แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰„ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแกแก

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Fallacy แ‹ญแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆ‰ raise Your hand!


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๐Ÿ‘3
Professor, hear me once please. I should deserve at least a B in this course. If I do not, I will be in Prohibition and total lose of moral courage to attend other courses."

3. Appeal to People
[Argumentum ad Populum]

Is committed whenever anyone urging the acceptance of a claim by arousing strong feelings that may leaf audiences to accept the claim without a logical justigication of it.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅแŠ• แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แАแˆณแˆณแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแŠซแ‰ต แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข

Two approaches are involved in appeal to people fallacy:
๐Ÿ“direct and
๐Ÿ“indirect.

๐Ÿ”–The direct approach occurs when an arguer, addressing a large group of people, excites the emotions and enthusiasm of the crowd to win acceptance for his or her conclusion.

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแА Hitler แ‹จแˆ…แ‹แ‰กแŠ• แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แАแˆณแˆณแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰€แˆตแ‰€แˆต แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‰ แˆแ‹แ‰ก แ‹จแ‹˜แˆจแŠแАแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แˆญแ‹ แŠจแˆจแŒจ แ‰ แŠƒแˆ‹ แ‹จแ‹šแ‹ซ แˆฐแ‹ แˆแˆ‰ แŠฅแˆแ‰‚แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแ€แˆ˜แ‹แข

๐Ÿ”–In the indirect approach, the arguer aims his or her appeal not at the crowd as a whole but at one or more individuals separately.

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆˆแŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅ แˆ›แ‰ฃแ‰ แ‹ซ แАแ‹แข There are Three forms of indirect approach

๐Ÿ“Appeal to Bandwagon
Emphasizes that the majority's choice is a correct one and urges audiences to join them
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฅแˆŽแ‰ณแˆแŠ“ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐแˆ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ แˆˆแ‹" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Eg. " Many Freshman Students study in library so, Studying in library is the best for freshman students"

๐Ÿ“Appeal to Vanity
แ‰ แ‰ฝแˆŽแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹แŠ˜แŠ› แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฐแˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŒ แ‰€แˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹แАแŠžแ‰น แŠญแ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆจแˆƒแˆแข

Eg. "Who is going to wear this new fashion dress, a dress worn by the famous Aster Awoke in her New Year's Sheraten Hotel's Show?"

๐Ÿ“Appeal to Snobbery

แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ แˆฉ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰€แˆต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ #แ‹จแ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ (Superior) แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต

Eg. "The newly produced Malt Guiness is not for everyone to drink. But you are different from other people, aren't you? Therefore, the newly malt guiness is for you.

๐Ÿ”–In Birhanu direct and indirect approach to appeal to the people fallacy the arguer targeted on exploiting strong emotions of the people.

4. Argument against The Person
[Argumentum Ad Hominem]


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๐Ÿ‘4
Is Usually committed by discrediting (damaging the good reputation of a person) for the purpose of criticizing the arguments forwarded by the person.

แ‹จแŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ• แˆ›แŠ•แАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰ แ‹แŠ• แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แ‹แ‹ตแ‰… แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แˆฒแˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

There are three types of the fallacy of Ad hominem

๐Ÿ“Ad Hominem Abusive Fallacy

Is committed when we engage in abusive remarks about the person and use them as a ground for rejecting the person's claim.
แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰  แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แ‰ƒแ‹ˆแˆ แˆฒแˆแˆˆแŒ แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆ แŠจแˆ˜แ‰ƒแ‹ˆแˆ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‹จแ‹šแ‹ซแŠ• แˆฐแ‹ แˆตแ‰ฅแ‹•แŠ“ แ‰ แˆ›แŒ‰แ‹ฐแ แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แ‹ญแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแ‹ฉแŠ แ‰ต๐Ÿ‘‡

Eg. "Hailu's idea that there is life after death should be discounted; since he was regularly treated in Emmanuel Hospital-a hospital that treats individuals having personality disorders."

๐Ÿ“Ad Hominem Circumstantial Fallacy

This fallacy inferes that "A claim the person makes is false because somebody in that position could be expected to make such claims."

แ‹ญแˆ… แŠจแŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ก แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ“แŠ™ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰€แˆต แˆ€แˆณแ‰กแŠ• แ‹แ‹ตแ‰… แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แˆ˜แˆžแŠจแˆญ แАแ‹แข

Eg. "We heard the saying of Getachew that 'Freedom is that we yearn (แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŠ“แแ‰€แ‹)for Centuries in Ethiopia. But it could not yet to be achieved.' But Getachew's idea should be rejected, because he is one of the leaders of opposition parties."
แŠ แˆแŠ• Getachew 'แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แАแƒแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆˆแˆ' แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŽแŠซแŠซแˆช/แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ƒแˆซแŠ’ Party แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‰ฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ˜แ‹ตแˆ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“Ad Hominem tu quoque

This fallacy is committed when we say that a person's clam is false because it's contrary with something else the person has said or done before.

Tu quoque แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต "You also", "you did it, too" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แ‹จแˆซแˆตแŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แˆธแˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹แŠ• แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰€แˆต แАแ‹แข

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ต: แˆแŒ„ แŠ แ‰ตแˆตแˆจแ‰… แˆŒแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŒฅแˆฉ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข
แˆแŒ…: แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ด แŠฅแŠ”แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ตแˆตแˆจแ‰… แ‰ฒแ‹ญแŠ›แˆˆแˆฝ? แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆแ‹ แŠจแŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ด แˆตแˆญ แ‰ฅแˆญ แˆตแ‰ตแˆฐแˆญแ‰‚ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ญแŠ” แ‰ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฑ แŠ แˆ‹แ‹จแˆแˆฝแˆแŠ•

5. Accident

is committed when a general rule is applied to a specific case it was not intended to cover.

แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ: "แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹แˆซแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแ‹แฃ แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ•แˆฎแŒแˆฐแˆญ แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆแ‹ แˆตแˆˆ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆตแˆ‹แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆ˜แ‰ณแˆฐแˆญ แŠ แˆแАแ‰ แˆจแ‰ แ‰ตแˆแข"

6. Straw Man Fallacy

This Fallacy is committed when some one opposes an opponen'ts ot other's opinion and presents in its place a distorted, oversimplified, misrepresented and exaggerated version for the purpose of making it easier to attack the opponenent's position.

แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แˆชแ‹แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแƒแŠแ‹แŠ• แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แ‰ แˆ›แŒ‹แАแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แˆ›แŒฃแŒฃแˆ แˆˆแ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ˜แ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แˆ˜แ‰ƒแ‹ˆแˆ แАแ‹แข

The basic structure of the argument consists of Person A making a claim, Person B creating a distorted version of the claim (the โ€œstraw manโ€), and then Person B attacking this distorted version in order to refute Person Aโ€™s original assertion.

แ‹ญแ‰บแŠ• แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆตแ‰ตแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฑ แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŒแˆแ… แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ‹แˆ๐Ÿ˜Š

example, imagine a husband and a wife are trying to decide whether they should adopt a dog or a cat.

Wife: I'd rather have a dog than a cat.

Husband: Why do you hate cats?

The wife never said that she hated cats, only that she preferred dogs. The husband either assumed or pretended that her argument was against cats instead of for dogs. Now the wife must argue that she doesn't hate cats โ€” which completely changes the course of the discussion[แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ red herring fallacy แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆซแŠ“แˆ]. 

7. Missing the point
[Ignoratio elenchi]

This fallacy is caused when the argument has a problem of the logical imlplication of the premise and draws the conclusion that which is not a right conclusion.

แ‹ญแˆ„ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ก แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ›แ‹แŠ•แŠ“ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ข แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฅ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ• แˆ˜แˆณแ‰ต แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Eg. "Addis Ababa University has lots of problems. Students services and facilities are inadequate. Many of the instructors are inexperienced. It follows that; the University should be entirely closed."

แŠ แ‹ซแ‰น แŠ  แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• Conclusion..แŠจแˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰น แ‰ฐแАแˆตแ‰ถ "แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒ‰แ‹ตแˆˆแ‰ต แˆตแˆ‹แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹˜แŒ‹แข" แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ฑ Fallacy แАแ‹แข

8. The Red Herring Fallacy
[Off the track fallacy]

This fallacy occurs when we instead of trying to prove or disprove others views some one attempts to change the subject.

It can also be called "Diversion".

แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆฉ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แ‹จแˆต แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ‹แˆชแ‹ แ‰ฃแАแˆณแ‹ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแˆต แˆฒแˆแˆˆแŒ แŠจแ‰ฐแАแˆณแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ“แŠ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แ‰ แˆ›แŠ•แˆณแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ• แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แ‰ƒแ‹ˆแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

Eg. "Teferi: Do you know, that Almaz has got "A"๐Ÿคฉ in logic.
Asfaw: You knows that she always wears a miniskirts and she attracts teachers with her half-naked body. That is it๐Ÿคทโ€โ™‚ and not her own effort. So, scoring "A" is not a kind of grade that sh
๐Ÿ‘4
แˆตแˆˆ fallacy แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ•แˆนแˆ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แ‹แŠ“ แˆฐแˆแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ แ‹ญแˆ„แ‹ แŠ แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‹ญแ‰€แŒฅแˆ‹แˆ โ“

๐Ÿ™Œ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แ‹จ tutorial Class แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ แก แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แАแ‹โ“

๐Ÿ˜Š แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แ‹ แ‹จ Logic Chapter 1 แŠฅแŠ“ Chapter 2 แŠ• แ‰ฐแˆแˆจแŠ“แˆแข

๐Ÿ“š แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ Chapter 2 mid exam แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ แ‰ต แˆฐแŠ แˆฝแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แก แŒฅแˆฉ แŒˆแˆˆแƒ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แˆžแŠญแˆจแŠ“แˆแข แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ฑแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ‹ณแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ปแ‰ฝแˆ แАแŒแˆซแ‰ฝแˆแŠ“แˆแข แˆˆ Mid Exam แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แ‰ฝแˆแˆ แŠฅแˆญแŒแŒ แŠ› แАแŠ๐Ÿ˜Ž แข

๐Ÿ˜• แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŒŠแ‹œ แˆตแˆ‹แˆแ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‰ปแ‰ธแˆแŠ แ‹จ Chapter 3 แŠฅแŠ“ Chapter 4 แŠ–แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ…แ‰ผ แˆ˜แˆแ‰€แ‰… แŠ แˆแ‰ปแˆแŠฉแˆแข แ‹ญแ‰…แˆญแ‰ณ แŠฅแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ƒแˆˆแˆ๐Ÿšถโ€โ™‚แข

๐Ÿ˜Š แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž final exam แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ƒแˆจแ‰  แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ˜‹ Fallacy(Chapter 5) แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ แ‰ตแข

๐Ÿ˜Ž แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠฅแŠ”แˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฝแŠแŠ• แŒŠแ‹œ แŠ แŒฃแ‰ฅแ‰ค แˆˆ final exam แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰…แˆŸแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ…แŠ•แˆฐ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ณแˆฐแˆต final exam แŠ• แ‰  แˆแ‰  แˆ™แˆ‰แАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆแ‰ตแŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆชแ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‰ณแˆ˜แŒก แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹ฐแ‹ แ‰€แŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

๐Ÿ˜Š แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŒ“แ‹ฐแŠžแ‰ปแ‰ฝแˆ แก แ‹จ แ‹ถแˆญแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ˜แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ก แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ฑ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ‰แข แ‰  แŠฅแˆญแŒแŒ แŠแАแ‰ต แˆˆ แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒแŠ แ‰ฝแˆ แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆš แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆตแˆณแˆˆแŠ•แข

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