She is excited about magic. (Used as a noun)

The experience was completely magical. (Used as an adjective)

Speaking against another religion is a legal offence. (Used as a noun)

What you did was offensive. (Used as an adjective)
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What Is a Common Noun?

Nouns are classified into two main categories – common nouns and proper nouns. While proper nouns are naming words that refer to specific people, places, brands, months, days, important historical events, eras and periods, nationalities, countries and languages; common nouns refer to common terms that are used to name common people, places, animals, birds, insects, reptiles, ideas, objects and so on.
Common Noun Definition

The definition of a common noun, according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is ‘a noun that may occur with limiting modifiers (such as a or an, some, every, and my) and that designates any one of a class of beings or things’. According to the Cambridge Dictionary, a common noun is defined as ‘a noun that is the name of a group of similar things, such as “table” or “book”, and not of a single person, place, or thing’.
Examples of Common Nouns
Common Nouns Referring to Human Beings

Lad
Girl
Boy
Individual
Child
Chap
Woman
Female
Man
Male
Citizen
Lass

Common Nouns Referring to Animals

Elephant
Dog
Pet
Goat
Horse
Pig
Donkey
Chimpanzee
Animal
Cow
Calf
Pup
Kitten

Common Nouns Referring to Birds

Dove
Crow
Pelican
Flamingo
Bird
Duck
Goose
Swan
Cuckoo
Sparrow
Hummingbird
Eagle
Vulture

Common Nouns Referring to Insects

Housefly
Mosquito
Grasshopper
Honeybee
Stick insect
Insect
Wasp
Ant
Beetle
Butterfly

Common Nouns Referring to Reptiles

Snake
Crocodile
Alligator
Monitor lizard
Chameleon

Common Nouns Referring to Places

College
Airport
School
Railway station
Court
Terminus
Street
State
District
Junction
Bus stand
Clinic
Store
Playground

Common Nouns Referring to Things/Objects

Stationery
Water bottle
Car
Spray
Plant
Necklace
Tie
Shoes
Orange
Cucumber
Thread
Pant

Common Nouns Referring to Ideas

Truth
Grace
Discovery
Cleanliness
Poverty
Movement
Idea
Though
Feeling
Expression

Examples of Common Nouns Used in Sentences

Here are some examples of common nouns used in sentences.

I did not go to school yesterday as I was sick.
Where can I find a restaurant?
The computer is not working properly.
Your hair looks really good.
The girls took a trip to Goa.
Do you want to go watch a movie?
Marian likes her new cycle.
The man was arrested for stealing his neighbour’s car tyres.
Mom asked me to open the door.
My roommate just moved out.
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I thank our principal, Mr. Santhosh Subramanian, for the continuous encouragement and support he has been giving us.

Nationalities and countries should always be capitalised as they are proper nouns and are always used to name a specific place, race or category of people.

For example: My brother will be going on a business trip to Singapore and Malaysia next

month.

The British ruled over India for almost two centuries.

You should always capitalise brand names as they refer to specific brands.

For example: He asked his mom to buy him Puma sneakers.

Did you see my sneakers? (common noun)

Languages should always be capitalised as they are proper nouns. There might be many dialects in a language, but the basic language remains the same. For instance, The English language has multiple dialects like British English, American English, Indian English, Canadian English, Australian English and so on.

For example: I know four languages: English, Hindi, Tamil and Malayalam.

Do they speak only Arabic in Dubai?

Events of historical importance, eras and periods are to be capitalised, but centuries are not to be capitalised.

For example: British India was also an age of development in the field of science and education.

The Great Indian Revolt of 1857 was the most successful and significant movement of the freedom struggle.

The Elizabethan Era was the greatest period for all types of art, music, architecture and literature.

Do you belong to the twentieth century?
Test Your Knowledge on Proper Nouns

Capitalise the proper nouns in the following sentences:

Did you meet sanju yesterday?
The manager took us all to kfc for lunch today.
Have you read about the mughal empire?
I wish I had a holiday on monday.
Darshana picked up the regional language, kannada, sooner than we all thought she would.
When did susan reach home last night?
It is too sultry in the month of may.
I told mom about your test results.
I think the new girl is from south america.
My dad bought me a gucci bag for my birthday.

Now, let us see if you got it all right.

Did you meet Sanju yesterday?
The manager took us all to KFC for lunch today.
Have you read about the Mughal Empire?
I wish I had a holiday on Monday.
Darshana picked up the regional language, Kannada, sooner than we all thought she would.
When did Susan reach home last night?
It is too sultry in the month of May.
I told Mom about your test results.
I think the new girl is from South America.
My dad bought me a Gucci bag for my birthday.
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Singular Noun Definition

The definition of a singular noun is similar to that of a noun in general. According to the Cambridge Dictionary, a singular noun is ‘a word that refers to a person, place, thing, event, substance, or quality.’ ‘A noun is a word such as ‘ car’, ‘ love’, or ‘ Anne’ which is used to refer to a person or thing,’ according to the Collins Dictionary.
Singular Noun Examples

Have a look at the examples of singular nouns given below.
Singular Nouns Referring to Human Beings

Boy
Girl
Child
Man
Woman
Lad
Individual
Chap
Lass
Male
Female
Citizen
Tom
Anna
Harry

Singular Nouns Referring to Animals

Cheetah
Deer
Fish
Pelican
Ostrich
Dinosaur
Monkey
Grasshopper
Rhinoceros
Zebra
Owl

Singular Nouns Referring to Places

Cairo
School
Hospital
College
Paris
Coimbatore
Bangalore
St. John’s Medical College
Hill Crest Hospital
Twin Towers
Bus stand
Railway station

Singular Nouns Referring to Things/Objects

Table
Chair
Blackboard
Bike
Aeroplane
Pencil
Elastic
Chalk
Dress
Pin
Needle
Tomato
Apple

Singular Nouns Referring to Ideas

Invention
Description
Conviction
Honesty
Grace
Pride
Destruction
Competition
Idea
Ideology
Biology
Evolution

Singular Noun Examples in Sentences

Here are some examples of singular nouns used in sentences.

Sita bought a pencil yesterday.
Dan and Sid gave me chocolate.
Did he get the dress for his sister?
I saw a baby monkey on the way to school today.
When will you reach home?
Jared killed a spider.
I won the game.
The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
His honesty was appreciated by everyone in the area.
The judge accepted his plea.

Singular Countable Noun

Here are a few examples of singular countable nouns:

Book
Pencil
Table
Phone
Boy
Child
Bird
Snake
Door
Cycle

Singular Possessive Noun

Check out the singular possessive nouns given below.

Tom’s bike
Bird’s toy
Dog’s tail
Sandra’s mom
Peter’s cat
Bike’s handle
Mr. Shaw’s house
Deborah’s flower shop
Pigeon’s Wings
My sister’s paintbrush

Difference between Singular Noun and Plural Noun

A singular noun refers to only one person, place, animal, thing etc., and a plural noun refers to more than one person, place, animal, thing etc. Singular nouns are nouns in the original form, without any inflexion. Plural nouns are formed with the addition of ‘s’, ‘es’, ‘ies’, ‘oes’, ‘ves’ or by adding a suffix. The verbs change according to the singular or plural form of the noun used.
Singular

Plural

I found a dog on the street.



I found dogs on the street.

The child was playing.



The children were playing.

Their son is coming home this month.



Their sons are coming home this month.

The boy has an orange for breakfast every day.



The boys have oranges for breakfast every day.

Noah used his sister’s paintbrush to finish his painting.



Noah used his sister’s paintbrushes to finish his painting.

I am going to buy a dress.



I am going to buy some dresses.

They rescued the wounded elephant.



They rescued the wounded elephants.

The game went on as planned.



The games went on as planned.

Denny gave his mom a bangle.



Denny gave his mom some bangles.

Did you choose the outfit for your cousin’s wedding?



Did you choose the outfits for your cousin’s wedding?
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What Is a Possessive Noun?

A possessive noun is a noun that is used to indicate that something belongs to someone. For instance, to the question, To whom does this bag belong?, you can say that it is Jessica’s bag. The word ‘Jessica’s’ is the possessive noun here. The general rule to show possession of an object is by adding an apostrophe and an ‘s’ to the end of the noun it belongs to.
Usage of Possessive Nouns

There are some basic rules that you should bear in mind when you are using possessive nouns, especially in writing.
Singular Possessive Nouns

You can make a singular noun into a possessive noun by just adding an apostrophe and an ‘s’ in most cases. However, there are a few exceptions. For singular nouns ending in ‘s’, you can just add the apostrophe to make it a possessive noun.

For example:

I borrowed Angel’s white shoes for the event.
The new Malayalam movie’s rating is pretty high.
Can you fetch me Harris’ bag?

Plural Possessive Nouns

For plural nouns, you can just add an apostrophe to show possession or ownership.

For example:

The students’ assignments were arranged according to their roll numbers.
The boys’ clubs are very competitive.
All the clocks’ hands have to be changed.

Indicating Possession for Multiple Nouns

If you have more than one noun sharing ownership of a particular object, make sure you add an apostrophe and an ‘s’ only to the last noun in the group.

For example:

Hansel and Gretel’s parents kept looking for them for three days and still did not find them.
Edmund Spenser, Ben Jonson, Philip Sydney and William Shakespeare’s age was an era of great art and literature.
Babur, Akbar, Jahangir and Shahjahan’s reigns were the most successful and beneficial times in the history of India.

Hyphenated and Compound Possessive Nouns

When changing a hyphenated or compound noun as a possessive noun, see to that you add the apostrophe and the ‘s’ to the end of the compound word or the latter word in the hyphenated word.

For example:

My sister-in-law’s uncle moved to the United States along with his family.
Nobody is in support of the Union Bank’s new policies.
The United Nations Environment Programme’s protocol for the Environment Day was successfully carried out.

Examples of Possessive Nouns

Here are some examples of possessive nouns to give you a better idea.

The chef’s new dish was a hit.
The judges’ verdict was not acceptable to all classes of society.
Nobody could find the child’s toy.
The Earth’s climate has changed since global warming started.
The company was not satisfied with this year’s profit margins.
Nihas’ old house looked like a royal palace.
My brother-in-law’s cousin got married to my cousin.
Nick and Tess’ grandparents visit them every summer.
Are you going to Marianne’s bachelorette party?
Isn’t she Sandhya’s roommate?
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What is an Abstract Noun?

An abstract noun is used to refer to concepts, ideas, experiences, traits, feelings or entities that cannot be seen, heard, tasted, smelt or touched. Abstract nouns are not concrete or tangible. There are a lot of abstract nouns (virtues) used in proverbs.
Definition of an Abstract Noun

An abstract noun is defined as ‘a noun, for example, beauty or freedom, that refers to an idea or a general quality, not to a physical object’, according to the Oxford Learners Dictionary. According to Collins Dictionary, ‘an abstract noun refers to a quality or idea rather than to a physical object.’
Examples of Abstract Nouns

Check out the following examples of abstract nouns.

Glory
Honour
Courage
Love
Truth
Honesty
Symbolism
Puritanism
Reflection

Converting Verbs and Adjectives into Abstract Nouns

A verb or an adjective can be converted into an abstract noun by the addition of a suffix and vice versa. Have a look at the examples given below.
Converting Verbs to Abstract Nouns

Move – movement
Reflect – reflection
Perceive – perception
Conscious – Consciousness
Appear – Appearance
Resist – Resistance
Appoint – appointment
Enjoy – enjoyment
Assign – assignment
Inform – information
Decide – decision
Describe – description
Determine – determination
Block – blockade

Converting Adjectives to Abstract Nouns

Brave – bravery
Truth – truthful
Honest – honesty
Weak – weakness
Happy – happiness
Sad – sadness
Mad – madness
Responsible – responsibility
Possible – possibility
Probable – probability
Able – ability
Independent – independence
Free – freedom
Silent – silence

Some words can function both as a noun and a verb without any change in spelling. Here are some examples for you.

Love as a verb – I love the way she works with it.

Love as a noun – Love is one of the qualities everyone should possess

Divorce as a verb – Harry cannot divorce his wife.

Divorce as a noun – Are you getting a divorce?

Aim as a verb – You have to aim for the highest grades.

Aim as a noun – What is your aim?

Battle as a verb – Teena had to battle hard to stay in shape.

Battle as a noun – Do you know who won the battle?

Play as a verb – The children are playing outdoor games.

Play as a noun – The Shakespearean play was performed by young artists.
Test Your Knowledge on Abstract Nouns

Let us now check how much you have learned about abstract nouns. Identify the abstract nouns in the following sentences.

Honesty is the best policy.
There is no possibility for you to reach home by six in the evening.
This place has a really pleasant ambience.
Pride goes before a fall.
Brevity is the soul of wit.
That man is testing my patience.
Have you read about the theory of evolution?
Truthfulness is always appreciated.
Friendship is priceless.
What do you think about his idea?

Let us find out if you have understood correctly. Check your answers here.

Honesty is the best policy.
There is no possibility for you to reach home by six in the evening.
This place has a really pleasant ambience.
Pride goes before a fall.
Brevity is the soul of wit.
That man is testing my patience.
Have you read about the theory of evolution?
Truthfulness is always appreciated.
Friendship is priceless.
What do you think about his idea?
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What Is a Collective Noun?

A collective noun is a naming word used to refer to a group or number of animals, people or things. One thing you should remember when you use collective nouns in sentences is to use the right form of the verb.
Collective Noun Definition

The Collins Dictionary defines collective nouns as “a noun such as ‘family’ or ‘team’ that refers to a group of people or things”. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a collective noun is defined as “a noun such as ‘team’ or ‘flock’ that refers to a group of people or things”.
Examples of Collective Nouns

Here are some examples of collective nouns.
Collective Nouns for Animals

Collective noun for bees – Swarm
Collective noun for fish – Shoal or School
Collective noun for sheep – Herd
Collective noun for ships – Fleet
Collective noun for birds – Flock
Collective noun for lions – Pride
Collective noun for wolves – Pack
Collective noun for ants – Colony

Collective Nouns for People

Collective noun for actors – Troupe, Company or Cast
Collective noun for soldiers – Army
Collective noun for musicians – Band
Collective noun for warriors – Troop
Collective noun for directors – Board
Collective noun for sailors – Crew
Collective noun for singers – Choir
Collective noun for dancers – Group
Collective noun for thieves – Pack
Collective noun for players – Team
Collective noun for delegates – Delegation
Collective noun for judges – Panel or Bench

Collective Nouns for Objects/Things

Collective noun for cards – Deck/Pack
Collective noun for cigarettes – Packet
Collective noun for mountains – Range
Collective noun for apples – Bushel
Collective noun for bananas – Comb
Collective noun for grapes – Bunch
Collective noun for flowers – Bunch or Bouquet
Collective noun for trees – Grove or Forest

Also check out:

Collective noun for baboons
Collective noun for cars
Collective noun for crows
Collective noun for dogs
Collective noun for hay
Collective noun for lions
Collective noun for pearls
Collective noun for penguins

Collective Noun Examples Used in Sentences

Have a look at the following sentences.

Tommy was excited to see a herd of elephants on the way to his native place.
The bench of judges gave the verdict on the case.
The kid enjoyed seeing the flock of pigeons take off all at once.
The football team was congratulated by the principal.
The mob was getting crazier with time.
The event started with the band playing the school anthem.
The children learnt how to perform a magic trick with a pack of cards pretty soon.
The British army was defeated in World War II.

Test Your Knowledge on Collective Nouns

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate collective nouns:

A ____ of cows
A ____ of robbers
A ____ of musicians
A ____ of kittens
A ____ of puppies
A ____ of cattle
A ____ of rumours
A ____ of clams
A ____ of sharks
A ____ of hamsters

Why don’t you check if you got it all right?

A herd of cows
A gang of robbers
A band of musicians
A kindle of kittens
A litter of puppies
A herd of cattle
A nest of rumours
A bed of clams
A shiver of sharks
A horde of hamsters
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What Is a Compound Noun?

A compound noun is a noun that is formed by a combination of more than one part of speech. Compound nouns are of three main types: Open or spaced compound nouns, hyphenated compound nouns and closed or solid compound nouns.
Definition of a Compound Noun

According to the Cambridge Dictionary, a compound noun is defined as ‘a noun that is made up of two or more different words, for example, “cake shop”, “French fries”, “high-flyer”, or “schoolteacher”.’ The Oxford Learners’ Dictionary provides a similar definition. It defines a compound noun as ‘a noun, an adjective or a verb made of two or more words or parts of words, written as one or more words, or joined by a hyphen. Travel agent, dark-haired and bathroom are all compound nouns.’
Types of Compound Nouns with Examples

As mentioned above, there are three main types of compound nouns.
Spaced or Open Compound Noun

A spaced or open compound noun is one in which there is a space between the two words which form the compound noun.

For example:

Cricket bat
Fast food
Flower shop

Hyphenated Compound Nouns

A hyphenated compound noun is one in which the two words are separated with the use of a hyphen.

For example:

By-product
Mother-in-law
Passer-by

Closed or Solid Compound Nouns

A closed or solid compound noun is one in which the two words do not have any spaces or hyphens separating them. They are usually considered as a single word.

For example:

Sunflower
Classroom
Rainfall

Forming Compound Nouns

You can form compound nouns by combining different parts of speech. All compound nouns, though belonging to different parts of speech, perform the same function as a noun. Let us see how different compound nouns are formed.
Noun + Noun
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Now, let us check how far you have got it right.

I am going home today evening. Personal Pronoun/Subject Pronoun
Her aunt will be vacating next week. Possessive Pronoun
She is the girl I was talking to you about. Personal Pronoun
This is the place where I found my missing bag. Relative Pronoun
Did you do it yourself? Personal Pronoun, Intensive Pronoun
It was a time when I was so happy. Relative Pronoun
We always help each other out. Reciprocal Pronoun
Has everyone completed the work that was assigned for today? Indefinite Pronoun
That dog down the street is his. Possessive Pronoun
All my friends are coming home for my parents’ 25th wedding anniversary celebration. Possessive Pronoun

II. Use suitable pronouns to substitute the underlined nouns in the following sentences:

Josh and Derrick visited Disneyland last month.
Sarah did not come home last evening.
My mom could not find her cupboard keys.
Yesterday was my parents’ wedding anniversary.
The cat drank all the milk that was left in the kitchen.
Sheela and Teena found it hard to move the sofa set across the hall as the sofa set was too heavy for Sheela and Teena to carry.
Divya is Danny’s sister.
That silver Brezza belongs to Emmanuel and Usha.
My pet dog just lay on the floor the whole day.
The teacher asked the students if the students had submitted the students’ assignments.

Check your answers here.

They visited Disneyland last month.
She did not come home last evening.
She could not find her cupboard keys.
Yesterday was their wedding anniversary.
It drank all the milk that was left in the kitchen.
Sheela and Teena found it hard to move the sofa set across the hall as it was too heavy for them to carry.
She is his sister.
That silver Brezza belongs to them.
It just lay on the floor the whole day.
The teacher asked the students if they had submitted their assignments.
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What Is a Demonstrative Pronoun?

Everyone might be familiar with the word ‘demo’. The word demo is most commonly used as an acronym for demonstration. Demonstration means to indicate, identify, point out, exhibit or explain something to someone. A demonstrative pronoun is used to do the same thing. It demonstrates or represents the nouns that act as the subject or object in a sentence.
Definition of a Demonstrative Pronoun

The Cambridge Dictionary defines demonstrative words as ‘words, for example “this”, “that”, “these”, and “those”, that show which person or thing is being referred to.’ The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines it as a word that is used for ‘pointing out the one referred to and distinguishing it from others of the same class.’
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Definition of a Possessive Pronoun

The Macmillan Dictionary defines a possessive pronoun as “a pronoun such as ‘mine’, ‘theirs’ or ‘yours’ that shows who something relates to or belongs to. In the sentence ‘He has his problems and I have mine’, ‘mine’ refers to ‘my problems’, and in the sentence ‘They want to buy the house next door to ours’, ‘ours’ refers to ‘our house’.” According to the Oxford Learners’ Dictionary, ‘a pronoun or a form of a word that expresses the fact that something belongs to somebody/something’ is referred to as a possessive pronoun.
Understanding How to Use Possessive Pronouns in Sentences

A noun can generally be used as a possessive noun just by adding an apostrophe and an ‘s’ at the end of the noun. Similarly, pronouns can be used to show possession too. It is not by adding an apostrophe or an ‘s’. There are pronouns that exclusively function in order to show that a particular person, animal or object belongs to a particular someone.

For the personal pronoun, ‘I’, the possessive pronoun would be ‘mine’.

For example, to indicate that ‘I own that blue car.’, it can be written as ‘That blue car is mine.’

For the personal pronoun ‘we’, the possessive pronoun would be ‘ours’.

For example, to indicate that ‘the project that won the first prize belongs to us’, it can be written as ‘The project that won the first prize was ours.’

Similarly, for the personal pronoun, ‘he’, the possessive pronoun would be ‘his’.

For example: It is Kim’s pet cat.

It is his pet cat.

For the personal pronoun, ‘she’, the possessive pronoun would be ‘hers’.

For example: The flowers Vanessa brought were better than the flowers Sheena brought.

The flowers Vanessa brought were better than hers.

For the personal pronoun, ‘you’, the possessive pronoun would be ‘yours’.

For example: Do you think my handwriting is better than your handwriting?

Do you think my handwriting is better than yours?

For the personal pronoun, ‘they’, the possessive pronoun would be ‘theirs’.

If something belongs to a group of people, it is indicated by the possessive pronoun ‘theirs’.

For example: The musical performance of the second group was more innovative than the fourth group.

The musical performance of the second group was more innovative than theirs.
Examples of Possessive Pronouns

Let us look at some possessive pronouns examples to have a better idea of how to use them in sentences.

Bobby is one of my brothers.

Bobby is a brother of mine.

Does the book belong to you?

Is this book yours?

That little girl is my daughter, and this one is her daughter.

That little girl is my daughter, and this one is hers.

The cake Diana baked last week is not as good as your cake.

The cake Diana baked last week is not as good as yours.

It was not your fault, but it was their fault.

It was not your fault but theirs.
Its vs It’s

Why not find out the answer to the never-ending conundrum of using its or it’s?

This is confusing for most second language learners because the general rule for showing possession over something or someone is by adding an apostrophe and an ‘s’. Now, the only thing that you have to keep in mind is that it works a little differently as far as the pronoun ‘it’ is concerned.

Unlike other possessive nouns, the pronoun ‘it’ takes ‘its’ as the possessive form of pronoun and not it’s. ‘It’s’ here is a contraction and means ‘it is’. It is similar to other contractions like ‘don’t’, which means ‘do not’, ‘can’t’ which means ‘cannot’, ‘won’t’ which means ‘will not’, ‘you’re’ which means ‘you are’ and so on.
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What Is an Indefinite Pronoun?

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that is used to substitute nouns that are not specific. Indefinite pronouns can be used in the singular and plural forms.
Definition of an Indefinite Pronoun

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines an indefinite pronoun as “a pronoun that does not refer to a specific person or thing.” According to the Oxford Learners’ Dictionary, an indefinite pronoun is defined as “a pronoun that does not refer to any person or thing in particular, for example, ‘anything’ and ‘everyone’.” The Macmillan Dictionary defines an indefinite pronoun as “

a pronoun that does not refer to any particular person or thing, for example, ‘anybody’, ‘everyone’, or ‘anything’.”
Points to Remember when Using Indefinite Pronouns with Examples

Before you start using indefinite pronouns, make sure you keep this in mind. Like all other pronouns, singular pronouns take the singular form of the verb, and plural pronouns take the plural form of the verb.
List of Indefinite Pronouns for Your Reference

Here is a list of indefinite pronouns with examples that you can refer to for a better idea.
Indefinite Pronouns Examples
Each The teacher asked each to present their projects.
Another Another one of them entered the house.
Anyone Is there anyone who likes a pretzel?
Everyone Can everyone sit down, please?
Anything Anything would be fine for me.
Everything I found everything I was looking for.
Everybody Everybody reached here on time.
Nobody Nobody was okay with what was happening around them.
None Allison had invited all of her cousins, but none had come yet.
Nothing Nothing happened yesterday.
Other They wanted to find out who the other was.
Somebody Somebody took my bag from the shelf.
Someone Could someone tell me where to find a doctor?
Something I do not like that there should always be something to do.
Both I think I love both.
Many Many have been asked to come for the audition.
Several Did you look at the options? There are several.
Any I was looking for a pencil. Is there any left?
All All have arrived on time.
Some I have a lot of chocolates. Do you want some?
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What Are Personal Pronouns?

Personal pronouns are monosyllabic words that are used to substitute proper nouns that repeat itself in a particular context. A personal pronoun indicates the number and gender of the corresponding noun.
Definition of a Personal Pronoun

The Cambridge Dictionary defines a personal pronoun as ‘a word such as “I”, “you”, and “they”, that refers to a person in speech or in writing’; and according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a personal pronoun is ‘a pronoun (such as I, you, or they) that expresses a distinction of person’.

The Collins Dictionary provides a more elaborate definition of personal pronouns. According to them, ‘a personal pronoun is a pronoun such as ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘she’, or ‘they’ which is used to refer to the speaker or the person spoken to, or to a person or thing whose identity is clear, usually because they have already been mentioned.’ Rules and Usage of Personal Pronouns
Using Gender Neutral Personal Pronouns

There are some personal pronouns which are not gender sensitive.
The Singular and Plural ‘You’

The pronoun ‘you’ is the second person pronoun that can be used in both the singular and plural form.

Example 1: You are from Columbia, right?

In the above sentence, ‘you’ can be a male or a female.

Example 2: Did you do your assignments?

In the above example, ‘you’ can refer to a singular or plural noun and also a group of male and female students.
‘They’ and ‘Them’

The third person pronouns ’they’ and ‘them’ can be used when the gender of a third person singular pronoun is neutral or cannot be determined.

Example 1: Everyone has to make sure if he/she has his/her ID cards before he/she goes into the exam hall.

When you have to write for the general public, people use he/she or him/her. It can also be written in the following manner.

Everyone has to make sure if they have their ID cards before they go into the exam hall.
Using Subject Pronouns and Object Pronouns

Using subject pronouns and object pronouns accurately is one of the things that you should practise in order to be able to communicate with clarity.
‘Me’ vs ‘I’

Among the subject and object pronouns, the pronouns ‘me’ and ‘I’ are the ones that are not used correctly, most of the time. This could be made easy if you understand the idea that the pronoun ‘I’ is always used as the subject pronoun, and the pronoun ‘me’ is always used as the object pronoun.

Example 1:

Firoz, Jenny and me went to watch a movie last night. (Incorrect)

The above sentence is incorrect as ‘me’ is an object pronoun and cannot be used as a subject pronoun.

The correct usage would be as follows,

Firoz, Jenny and I went to watch a movie last night. (Correct)

Example 2:

All that I would need for the next two years were given to me on the first day.

The pronoun ‘me’ is used here because it is the object of the sentence that is receiving the action.
Check Your Understanding of Personal Pronouns

Substitute the underlined words in the following sentences with suitable personal pronouns:

Mazeeka, Raimy and Divya met for the first time in Chennai. Mazeeka and Raimy got to be roommates, whereas Divya stayed in a separate apartment. Mazeeka and Raimy spent a lot of time together in the hostel and had lots of stories to share with Divya every day. Mazeeka and Raimy slowly started spending a lot of time at the college with Divya, eventually becoming best friends who supported each other and stood by each other through thick and thin. Now, even after so many years have passed, Mazeeka, Raimy and Divya find time to spend together. Mazeeka, Raimy and Divya cherish each other and their friendship till date.

Now, check if you got it right.
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Mazeeka, Raimy and Divya met for the first time in Chennai. Mazeeka and Raimy got to be roommates, whereas Divya stayed in a separate apartment. They spent a lot of time together in the hostel and had lots of stories to share with Divya every day. They slowly started spending a lot of time at the college with her, eventually becoming best friends who supported each other and stood by each other through thick and thin. Now, even after so many years have passed, they find time to spend together. They cherish each other and their friendship till date.
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What Is a Subject Pronoun?

A subject pronoun is a word that is used in the place of a noun. It plays the role of a subject in the sentence. Subject pronouns are usually placed in the first part of a sentence, just before the verb, to indicate the doer of the action.
Definition of a Subject Pronoun

According to the Collins Dictionary, a subject pronoun is “a pronoun which takes the place of a subject in a sentence, such as (in English) ‘I’, ‘you’, or ‘we’.”
Examples of Subject Pronouns

Here are some examples of subject pronouns.

I go to school every day. (The pronoun ‘I’ is doing the action of going to school every day and is the subject in the sentence)
We are travelling to Paris next week. (The pronoun ‘we’ refers to the subject who is currently doing the action of travelling to Paris)
He will be meeting Nina tomorrow. (The pronoun ‘he’ is the subject who will be performing the action of meeting Nina the next day)
She is writing a letter to her cousin. (The pronoun ‘she’ is the subject in the sentence that is currently performing the action of writing a letter to her cousin)
Did you get the book you were looking for? (The pronoun ‘you’ is the subject pronoun in the sentence)
They will be playing the final match in Australia. (The pronoun ‘they’ is the subject who will be playing the final match in Australia)
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Identifying Object Pronouns

In order to identify the object pronoun in a sentence, you should find out the noun that receives the action. The receiver of the action is called the object. Object pronouns can act as indirect and direct objects. When used as a direct object, it answers the question ‘who’; and it answers the question ‘whom’ when used as an indirect object in a sentence. Me, him, her, us, them, you and it are object pronouns.
Examples of Object Pronouns Used in Sentences

Given below are some examples of object pronouns used in sentences.

Barry bought a canvas sheet.

Barry bought it.

The object here is ‘a canvas sheet’, and it can be substituted by the object pronoun ‘it’.

Jessica and Lorraine met Kelly in the evening.

Jessica and Lorraine met her in the evening.

The object here is ‘Kelly’. It can be substituted by the object pronoun ‘her’.

Did you like the movie?

Did you like it?

‘The movie’ is the object in the sentence and can be substituted by the object pronoun ‘it’.

When can we meet Nick and Jess?

When can we meet them?

‘Nick and Jess’ are the objects in the sentence and can be substituted by the object pronoun ‘them’.
Test Your Knowledge on Object Pronouns

Substitute the underlined nouns with suitable object pronouns.

1. Miller and Davis are going along with Daisy.

2. Where did you get this photo?

3. When will you be meeting the Board members?

4. I bought Ranvir his favourite burger.

5. The teacher asked the students to pass the books.



Check your answers here.

1. Miller and Davis are going along with her.

2. Where did you get it?

3. When will you be meeting them?

4. I bought him his favourite burger.

5. The teacher asked the students to pass it.
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What Is an Interrogative Pronoun?

An interrogative pronoun, like the name suggests, is used to ask questions. It refers to something or someone. What, which, who, whom and whose are the five interrogative pronouns in the English language.
Definition of an Interrogative Pronoun

The Cambridge Dictionary defines the term ‘interrogative’ as ‘a word or sentence used when asking a question.’ According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the word ‘interrogative’ is a ‘word (such as who, what, which) used in asking questions. So, in a nutshell, an interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to substitute a person or an object when asking a question.
How to Use Interrogative Pronouns? – Points to Remember and Examples

Each of the interrogative pronouns is used to ask very specific questions (direct or indirect) about a particular something or someone. The interrogative pronouns – who, whom and whose refer only to people, whereas the interrogative pronouns – what and which can refer to things/objects or people. You would have noticed that the same words are also used as relative pronouns, often found in complex sentences.

To find out if the interrogative pronoun refers to the subject or the object, you can always try answering the question with the interrogative pronoun.

Example 1: Who was the keynote speaker?

Nick was the keynote speaker.

In the above example, Nick is the subject and the interrogative pronoun ‘who’ can therefore be said to be the subject pronoun.

Example 2: Whom did you speak to?

I spoke to Ms Claire.

In the above example, ‘Ms Claire’ is the object that the subject ‘I’ has spoken to. So it can be said that the interrogative pronoun ‘whom’ is an object pronoun.

Example 3: Whose is this black bag?

It is mine.

In the above example, the pronoun ‘it’ refers to the black bag, and so it can be said that the interrogative pronoun ‘whose’ is an object pronoun.

The interrogative pronouns ‘what’ and ‘which’ can be used in multiple ways to refer to both people and things.

For example: What do you want? (Referring to an object)

What do you prefer? Tea or coffee? (Referring to an object)

What did you find on the porch? (Referring to an object)

What is your name? (Referring to a person)

Which is your favourite story? (Referring to an object)

Which is the guy you were talking to yesterday? (Referring to a person)

Which one of you did not do your homework? (Referring to a person)

Which one do you like better? The red one or the yellow one? (Referring to an

object)
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Definition of a Reciprocal Pronoun

The term, ‘reciprocal’ is defined as “involving two people or groups who agree to help each other or behave in the same way to each other”, according to the Oxford Learners’ Dictionary. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a reciprocal pronoun is defined as “a pronoun (such as each other) used when its referents are predicted to bear the same relationship to one another.”
Examples of Reciprocal Pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns are used to indicate that the actions in a sentence are reciprocated. Have a look at the following examples of reciprocal pronouns and how to use them in sentences.
Reciprocal Pronouns Examples
Each other Rachel and Ross love each other.
One another My brother and my cousin were blaming one another
Test Your Knowledge of Reciprocal Pronouns

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate reciprocal pronouns:

1. They were not able to see __.

2. Davis and Ally could not stand __.

3. The children were fighting with ____.

4. Fred and Jess gave ___ gifts.
5. The criminals blamed ___.

Check your answers here:

1. They were not able to see each other.

2. Davis and Ally could not stand each other.

3. The children were fighting with each other.

4. Fred and Jess gave one another gifts.
5. The criminals blamed one another.
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What is an Intensive Pronoun?

An intensive pronoun is so similar to a reflexive pronoun that it mostly confuses all second language learners. It would become a lot easier if you understood how each of the pronouns functioned differently. An intensive pronoun is a pronoun that is used to provide emphasis on the action the subject does in a sentence.
Definition of an Intensive Pronoun

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines an intensive pronoun as “a pronoun that emphasises a preceding noun or another pronoun (as itself in “borrowing is itself a bad habit”)” and also as “a personal pronoun compounded with -self and used in apposition with a noun or pronoun or as pronominal adjunct (as itself in “the cat looked innocence itself” or himself in “he made it himself”)”. According to the Collins Dictionary, an intensive pronoun is used in “denoting or belonging to a class of pronouns used to emphasise a noun or personal pronoun, such as himself in the sentence John himself did it. In English, intensive pronouns are identical in form with reflexive pronouns.”
Examples of Intensive Pronouns

Here is a list of intensive pronouns with examples that you can have a look at.
Intensive Pronouns Type of Intensive Pronoun Examples of Intensive Pronouns
Myself Singular Intensive Pronoun I myself did not do it.
Yourself Singular Intensive Pronoun Did you yourself finish the whole lasagna?
Himself Singular Intensive Pronoun Nobody could believe that he himself would break his own door.
Herself Singular Intensive Pronoun She herself found the solution to the never-ending conundrum.
Itself Singular Intensive Pronoun The parrot itself somehow opened the cage and flew away.
Yourselves Plural Intensive Pronoun I do not know what to do with you. You yourselves go and talk to the concerned authorities about what you have done.
Ourselves Plural Intensive Pronoun We ourselves have to find a way out of this mess.
Themselves Plural Intensive Pronoun They themselves took care of it and informed the police about the theft in their house.
Difference between Intensive Pronouns and Reflexive Pronouns

Though the same words are used as intensive pronouns and reflexive pronouns, they have slightly different grammatical functions. Intensive pronouns are used in order to emphasise the subject in a sentence by repeating it.

For example, Rency herself solved the puzzle.

Reflexive pronouns are words that are used when the subject and object in a sentence are one and the same.

For example, Trinita introduced herself to the new neighbours.

Another difference is that the sentence would still make sense even if the intensive pronoun is removed from the sentence, whereas the reflexive pronoun ought to be there in the sentence as it acts as the object, and only then does it make complete sense.

For example, Rency solved the puzzle. (Still means she solved the puzzle by herself)

Trinita introduced to the new neighbours. (Incomplete sentence as the object is missing)
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Now, let us check how far you have got it right.

I am going home today evening. Personal Pronoun/Subject Pronoun
Her aunt will be vacating next week. Possessive Pronoun
She is the girl I was talking to you about. Personal Pronoun
This is the place where I found my missing bag. Relative Pronoun
Did you do it yourself? Personal Pronoun, Intensive Pronoun
It was a time when I was so happy. Relative Pronoun
We always help each other out. Reciprocal Pronoun
Has everyone completed the work that was assigned for today? Indefinite Pronoun
That dog down the street is his. Possessive Pronoun
All my friends are coming home for my parents’ 25th wedding anniversary celebration. Possessive Pronoun

II. Use suitable pronouns to substitute the underlined nouns in the following sentences:

Josh and Derrick visited Disneyland last month.
Sarah did not come home last evening.
My mom could not find her cupboard keys.
Yesterday was my parents’ wedding anniversary.
The cat drank all the milk that was left in the kitchen.
Sheela and Teena found it hard to move the sofa set across the hall as the sofa set was too heavy for Sheela and Teena to carry.
Divya is Danny’s sister.
That silver Brezza belongs to Emmanuel and Usha.
My pet dog just lay on the floor the whole day.
The teacher asked the students if the students had submitted the students’ assignments.

Check your answers here.

They visited Disneyland last month.
She did not come home last evening.
She could not find her cupboard keys.
Yesterday was their wedding anniversary.
It drank all the milk that was left in the kitchen.
Sheela and Teena found it hard to move the sofa set across the hall as it was too heavy for them to carry.
She is his sister.
That silver Brezza belongs to them.
It just lay on the floor the whole day.
The teacher asked the students if they had submitted their assignments.
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