Leadership
#SWT Apeuni 186
#SST Apeuni 243
#RL Apeuni 305

A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order, an edict or a fatwa or a tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or presenting an interesting idea in a meeting of colleagues. Leaders can mobilize people’s energies in ways that range from subtle, quiet persuasion to the coercive threat or the use of deadly force. Sometimes a charismatic leader such as Martin Luther King Jr. can define goals and mobilize energies through rhetoric and the power of example. We can think of leadership as a spectrum, in terms of both visibility and the power the leader wields. On one end of the spectrum, we have the most visible: authoritative leaders like the president of the United States or the prime minister of the United Kingdom, or a dictator such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of the spectrum is casual, low-key leadership found in countless situations every day around the world, leadership that can make a significant difference to the individuals whose lives are touched by it. Over the centuries, the first kind–the out-in-front, authoritative leadership–has generally been exhibited by men. Some men in positions of great authority, including Nelson Mandela, have chosen a strategy of “leading from behind”; more often, however, top leaders have been quite visible in their exercise of power. Women (as well as some men) have provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But this pattern has been changing, as more women have taken up opportunities for visible, authoritative leadership.
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My answer: #SWT
Whereas the fundamental essence of defining goals by leaders emphasizes the significance of mobilizing people’s energies and thinking of leadership as a spectrum, the corresponding impacts of authoritative leaders and a dictator such as leaders’ power and visibility are acknowledged, and the casual and low-key leadership could be inferred evidently from exhibiting the leadership by men and women, which the potential implications of a difference to individuals’ lives and leading from behind are presumed. 74w
(نمره 7/7 از اپیونی)

اینها مثالهاست اگر برای RL نیاز شد و زمان اضافه ماند:
🍀 (Issuing a memo/ an executive order/ passing a law/ barking a command/ presenting an interesting idea
🍀 (the use of deadly force)
🍀 A charismatic leader
🍀 (Rhetoric and the power of example)

#Sample_answer #SST (@bloodywine)
The lecture was about defining goals by leaders, which comprised mobilizing people’s energies and thinking of leadership as a spectrum. The spokesperson described leaders’ power and visibility, and the essence of authoritative leaders emphasized the significance of the casual and low-key leadership. Ultimately, although making a difference to individuals’ lives could be inferred evidently from the leadership of men and women, impacts of leading from behind were acknowledged.
(68 words)

Semantic Noise in Communication: Definition & Examples #SST Apeuni 112
سر و صدای معنایی/مفهومی
اختلال در انتقال پیام
Semantic noise in communication is a type of disturbance in the transmission of a message that interferes with the interpretation of the message due to ambiguity in words, sentences or symbols used in the transmission of the message.
Let's take a step back for a moment to provide a larger framework that helps you understand the idea of semantic noise a bit easier. Communication is the process of transmitting information from one person to another. Information is a pattern of data organized in a particular way. For example, a sentence consists of symbols that form words in a particular language with a particular meaning. The sentence also utilizes grammar, which is a recognized way to structure words forming a sentence. Noise is any type of disturbance that interferes with the interpretation of the information. Some argue that noise exists in all communication. Semantic noise doesn't involve sound but rather ambiguity in words, sentences or other symbols used in communication. The ambiguity is caused because everybody sees a different meaning in the same words, phrases or sentences. The differences in interpretation can be quite small, even undetectable, in regular communication between people from the same culture, age, education and experience, or drastically different because of such things as culture, age or experience.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #listening #Summarize_spoken_text

Main points: (@bloodywine)
semantic noise
a type of disturbance in the transmission of messages
ambiguity in words
the definition of communication
information as a pattern of data
the interpretation of the information
the structure of sentences
different meanings of the same words
➖➖➖➖
#Sample_answer #SST (@bloodywine)
The lecture was about semantic noise, which comprised a type of disturbance in the transmission of messages. The spokesperson described ambiguity in words, and the fundamental essence of the definition of communication emphasized the significance of information as a pattern of data. Ultimately, although the interpretation of the information could be inferred evidently from the structure of sentences, the corresponding impacts of different meanings of the same words were acknowledged
(70 words)

The Internet #SWT Apeuni 164

By 1984, the internet had grown to include 1,000 host computers. The National Science Foundation was one of the first outside institutions hoping to connect to this body of information. Other government, non-profit, and educational institutions followed. Initial attempts to catalogue this rapidly expanding system of networks were simple. Among the first was Archie, a list of FTP information created by Peter Deutsch at McGill University in Montreal. However, the greatest innovation in the Internet was still to come, brewing in an MIT laboratory in Cambridge, Mass. The World Wide Web, or the Web, is often confused with the Internet. In fact, it is just one part of the Internet, along with email, video conferencing, and streaming audio channels. In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee, now a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, introduced a new system of communication on the Internet which used hyperlinks and a user-friendly graphical interface. His slice of the Internet pie camera to be known as the World Wide Web. Berners- Lee says, “The Web is an abstract (imaginary) space of information. On the Net, you find computers –on the Web, you find documents, sounds, videos, …information. On the Net, the connections are cables between computers; on the web, connections are hypertext links. The Web exists because of programs which communicate between computers on the Net. The Web could not be without the Net. The Web made the Net useful because people are really interested in information (not to mention knowledge and wisdom!) and don’t really want to know about computers and cables.”
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #writing #Summarize_Written_Text

✅ ✅✅
#Sample_Answer (PFM group)
Whereas the fundamental essence of the internet growth emphasizes the significance of the World Wide Web, the corresponding impacts of the body of information such as using hyperlinks and the user-friendly graphical interface are acknowledged, and expanding networks systems could be inferred evidently from the abstract space of information, which the potential implications of hypertext links, cable connections, and making the Net useful as well as communicating programs are presumed. (70 words)

Recognize Faces #SST Apeuni 61

How people can recognize human faces? This is a hard but brilliant question. People should appreciate something. People can get visual information from faces and put a name on it. We can tell one’s identity, age, work, health condition, politics, and friends. Recognizing faces is amazing, difficult and a clever thing. In conclusion, people can get a lot out of faces.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #listening #Summarize_spoken_text

Main points: (ptestudyNet sst 103)
Recognizing human faces
Being appreciated by people
Getting visual information from faces
Putting a name on a face
Telling one’s identity, age, work, health, politics and friends
Amazing, difficult, and a clever thing
Getting a lot out of faces

#Sample_Answer (ptestudyNet sst 103)
The lecture was about recognizing human faces, which comprised getting visual information from faces and putting names on faces. The spokesperson described telling one’s identity and the essence of age, work, and health emphasized the significance of politics and friends. Although both being people appreciating something and getting a lot out of faces could be inferred evidently from being amazing and clever things, impacts of a brilliant question were acknowledged.

The Civil War #SST Apeuni 50

W: The Civil War occurred from 1861 to 1865 and was fought between the Union and the Confederacy. Although many people think that the Civil War's main objective was to free the slaves, the war began to preserve the authority and unity of the Union. The Civil War also marked the beginning of a whole new generation of modern wars. The Civil War introduced brand new war plans, weapons, communications, and transportation
M: I once heard that the war brought changes to the public as well.
W: That's correct. The war advanced hygiene, medicine, social services, and such. The war was modern not only because it involved a wide variety of resources but the public as well. The people behind the war front received much more detailed information and learned about the horrors of the war.
M: Why was that?
W: Photography had been recently invented. Therefore, for the first time in history, many aspects of the war, such as dead bodies and tensions, were witnessed by the general public. As the war came close to an end, the Confederacy suffered a great deal of economic difficulties, and its stand on racism, poverty, and dishonesty also suffered.
M: How was the Union's condition
W: The Union lost many of their people, but since they won the war, their ego and pride were sometimes viewed as conceited.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #listening #Summarize_spoken_text

Main points (PFM group - from Shiva):
The Civil War between the Union and The Confederacy
Freeing slaves as the main objective
Preserving the authority and unity of the Union
A new generation of modern wars
New war plans, weapons, communications, and transportation
Bringing changes to the public
People receiving detailed information
The invention of photography
Suffering from economic difficulties
The Union Losing people
Winning the war

#Sample_answer: (PFM group - from Shiva)
The lecture was about the Civil War between the Union and the Confederacy, which comprised freeing slaves and new generations of modern wars. The spokesperson described preserving Union’s authority and unity, and the essence of bringing changes to the public emphasized the significance of receiving detailed information. Ultimately, although both the invention of photography and economic difficulties could be inferred evidently from losing people, impacts of winning the war were acknowledged. (70)

Piano Piece (Mozart) #SST Apeuni 49

W1: We will start on a new piece by Mozart today. Let's turn to page 6 for Sonata No. 11. This piece has three movements: andante grazioso, menuetto, and rondo alia turca.
W2: Is the third movement from the famous Turkish Rondo?
W1: Yes, it is. Very good. Do you know why it is called Turkish Rondo?
W2: It's supposed to imitate the sound of Turkish bands.
W1: That's correct. The bands are called Janissary bands, and they were very popular.
W2: I did not know that the Turkish music was that popular back then. Things are sure different from now.
W1: Yes... Time changes. Now going back to the piece... The Andante grazioso is composed of a theme with six variations. Menuetto has a minuet and trio, and Rondo Alla Turca is allegretto. Andante grazioso is known for its main melody. Menuetto should be played delicately. The Rondo Alla Turca should be played with fluctuating intensity but with accuracy. Since it is fast paced, you have to be careful to play every note precisely. Also, try not to get faster as you play. You need to keep a consistent pace.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #listening #Summarize_spoken_text

Main points: (ptestudyNet 101)
A piano piece by Mozart
Three movements: Andante Grazioso, Menuetto, and Rondo Rlia Turca
Imitating the sound of Turkish bands
A theme with six variations
A minuet and trio
Allegretto
Playing Menuetto delicately
Playing fast-paced Rondo Alla Turca with fluctuating intensity and accuracy
Keeping a consistent pace
Other points:
Sonata No.11
Popular Turkish music
Janissary bands
The change of time

#Sample_Answer (from ptestudyNet):
The lecture was about a piano piece by Mozart, which comprised three movements and a theme with six variations. The spokesperson described imitating the sound of Turkish bands and the essence of a minuet and trio emphasized the significance of allegretto. Ultimately, although both playing Menuetto delicately and playing fast-paced Rondo Alla Turca with accuracy could be inferred evidently from Andante Grazioso, impacts of keeping a consistent pace were acknowledged. (70 words)

Civilization after the Bronze Age #RL
Introduction to Ancient Greek History
مشترک با #RWFIB

Well, we begin our story with the emergence of the Bronze Age in the Aegean Sea area. That appears to have taken place about 3000 B.c. I think these days they date it down about another century to about 2900. Precision is impossible; don’t worry about that. And what we find, the first example of a Bronze Age and
از اینجا به بعد سوال ریدینگ هم هست:
I use the word civilization now for the first time, because before the Bronze Age there is nothing that we would define as civilization. Civilization involves the establishment of permanent dwelling areas that we call cities, as opposed to villages. Agricultural villages will have existed all over the place in the late Stone Age, in the Neolithic Period, as it is known. But there is a difference and the critical difference is that a city contains a number of people who do not provide for their own support. That is to say, they don’t produce food. They need to acquire it from somebody else. Instead, they do various things like governing and are priests, and are bureaucrats, and are engaged in other non-productive activities that depend upon others to feed them. That’s the narrowest definition of cities.
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#Sample_answer (pteexampreparation.com)
he lecturer talks about the civilization and the role of citizen in them. The first example of civilization he gives is bronze age. According to the lecturer, civilization involves sitting of permanent settlements compares to villages which possibly existed even in the earliest stone ages but differentiates them from people in villages is that’s the majority of city people are not directly involved in food production activities.

It’s an era of great struggle for the nation, truly. We’re still not out of that moment. And you’d see it articulated with its great cultural products of the age. It’s a moment of despair, it’s despair that’s certainly likely what urged Stevie Wonder to write some of the most socially conscious lyrics of the era. And are–and these are, you won’t be surprised, these are not the ones that are heard on the radio when people play back, you know, Stevie Wonder reflections. Wonder had negotiated a new contract, just like Marvin Gaye had done before, that broke him out of the studio system in Motown, and re-and the result was about a six-year cycle of albums that was nothing short of astonishing. I mean, one, that the albums are released, so many are released in just a five-year window– actually, just a four-year window when you think about it. Albums are Music on My Mind in 1972. He’s only 21 years old. Talking Book released the same year, in seventy-two. Innervisions is released in seventy-three. Fulfillingness’ First Finale in seventy-four, Songs in the Key of Life in seventy-six. This is not the Little Stevie Wonder of -he’s coming out with Motown with- I’m forgetting the name of the song–playing his harmonica, but a Motown sort of dance tune. This is not the Stevie Wonder in later years of, you know, “Don’t drive drunk,” thing. This is Stevie Wonder of a different kind of political vintage.
🆔 @EngStud #PTE #listening #Retell_Lecture

#Sample_answer (pteexampreparation.com):
The lecturer talks about the period in the history of country and Stevie Wonder music making a contract of that period. It leads to Stevie Wonder writing social relevant songs. He had been able to get out of studio system and therefore freely composed for six years. He released many albums in that period such as Music on My Mind in 1972 when he was only twenty-one years old. Other albums he released included such as Talking book and Songs in the Key of Life. The music he composed is also very different from the work he did later in life.

Carbon-neutrality #SWT Apeuni 125

You used to think that being green was a luxury for your company, but climate change has made you realize that you can no longer ignore it. The buzz is about becoming carbon neutral, but where do you start? Consider your drivers. Do you want to become carbon neutral for marketing reasons, for financial reasons or to help save the planet?
تا اینجا مشترک با RA (Ape 320)👆
Simon Armitage of the Carbon Neutral Company believes: "Your drivers will help you tailor your carbon reduction program and determine key performance indicators." This will help build a case for going carbon neutral. First, measure your carbon footprint, or get a specialist to do it for you. That primarily means taking account of your energy usage and emissions caused through travel. Before you begin, think about whether you're collecting the right data and whether it's readily accessible. When implementing any energy reduction measures, ensure you engage with your staff. "It's much better if your people decide for themselves when it's sensible for them to travel," says Armitage. You'll also need them to participate in switching off the lights and other energy-saving measures. Set targets and show it's not a one-off exercise.
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#Sample_Answer (PFM group - from Baghkhasti):
While essences of becoming carbon neutral emphasize the significance of climate change, impacts of considering drivers such as measuring the company's carbon footprint and saving the planet are acknowledged, and marketing or financial reasons could be inferred evidently from staff's participation in energy-saving measures, which implications of collecting right and readily accessible data as well as not being a one-off exercise are presumed. (63 words)

Positive Mindset #SWT Apeuni 110

Research shows that when people work with a positive mind-set, performance on nearly every level – productivity, creativity, engagement - improves. Yet happiness is perhaps the most misunderstood driver of performance. For one, most people believe that success precedes happiness. “Once I get a promotion, I'll be happy,” they think. Or, “Once I hit my sales target, I'll feel great.” But because success is a moving target – as soon as you hit your target, you raise it again, the happiness that results from success is fleeting. In fact, it works the other way around: People who cultivate a positive mind-set perform better in the face of challenge. I call this the "happiness advantage” – every business outcome shows improvement when the brain is positive. I've observed this effect in my role as a researcher and lecturer in 48 countries on the connection between employee happiness and success. And I'm not alone: In a metaanalysis of 225 academic studies, researchers Sonja Lyubomirsky, Laura King, and Ed Diener found strong evidence of directional causality between life satisfaction and successful business outcomes. Another common misconception is that our genetics, our environment, or a combination of the two determines how happy we are. To be sure, both factors have an impact. But one's general sense of well-being is surprisingly malleable. The habits you cultivate, the way you interact with coworkers, how you think about stress – all these can be managed to increase your happiness and your chances of success.
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#Sample_Answer (PFM group - from Baghkhasti):
While essences of working with a positive mindset emphasize the significance of fleeting happiness for success, impacts of the happiness advantage such as directional causality between life satisfaction and successful business outcomes are acknowledged, and the combination of genetics and environment could be inferred evidently from cultivated habits, which implications of managing ways of interaction with coworkers, increasing happiness as well as chances of success are presumed. (67 words)