Why is endocrine coordination particularly important despite rapid neural coordination?
Anonymous Quiz
17%
Nerves reach every cell but cannot regulate metabolism continuously.
17%
Not all cells are innervated; functions need continuous regulation.
28%
Hormones act faster than nerves but their effects disappear immediately.
39%
Endocrine glands directly innervate cells not supplied by neural tissue.
Which description of a hormone is most appropriate?
Anonymous Quiz
15%
A nutrient chemical produced abundantly for intracellular storage
10%
A neural transmitter released only at specialised synaptic junctions
5%
A digestive secretion produced in large quantities by ducted glands
70%
A non-nutrient intercellular messenger produced in trace amounts
Which description of the pituitary gland is correct?
Anonymous Quiz
69%
It lies in sella tursica and is attached to hypothalamus by a stalk.
0%
It lies behind sternum and is attached to hypothalamus by a nerve.
6%
It lies above kidney and is connected to hypothalamus by an isthmus.
25%
It lies beside trachea and is attached to hypothalamus by a duct.
Which growth-hormone disturbance–outcome pairing is correct?
Anonymous Quiz
13%
Childhood excess — dwarfism; adult excess — gigantism
0%
Childhood deficiency — acromegaly; adult excess — dwarfism
63%
Childhood excess — gigantism; adult excess — acromegaly
25%
Childhood deficiency — gigantism; adult excess — acromegaly
❤1
Which effect is most directly associated with prolactin?
Anonymous Quiz
80%
Mammary-gland growth and milk formation
7%
Uterine contraction and milk ejection
13%
Ovarian follicular growth and ovulation
0%
Skin pigmentation and melanin synthesis
Which combination correctly describes gonadotrophin action in males?
Anonymous Quiz
14%
LH: spermatogenesis alone; FSH: testosterone release
14%
FSH: androgen release; LH + androgens: spermatogenesis
14%
LH and FSH: both make testosterone directly in germ cells
57%
LH: androgen secretion; FSH + androgens: spermatogenesis
Which combination correctly describes gonadotrophin action in females?
Anonymous Quiz
0%
LH: follicle growth; FSH: corpus luteum maintenance
57%
FSH: follicle growth; LH: ovulation and corpus luteum maintenance
7%
FSH: ovulation; LH: mammary-gland development only
36%
LH: follicle growth; FSH: conversion of ruptured follicle into corpus luteum
Which hormone acts on melanocytes and regulates skin pigmentation?
Anonymous Quiz
0%
ACTH
0%
TSH
94%
MSH
6%
FSH
Which combination represents two actions of oxytocin in females?
Anonymous Quiz
0%
Follicular growth and ovarian steroid secretion
6%
Water reabsorption and electrolyte conservation
25%
Mammary growth and synthesis of milk proteins
69%
Uterine contraction and ejection of milk
Impaired synthesis or release of ADH would most directly lead to:
Anonymous Quiz
27%
reduced renal water conservation and dehydration
27%
increased renal water conservation and oedema
7%
reduced blood glucose and excessive glycogenesis
40%
increased blood calcium and bone demineralisation
Which set consists entirely of effects supported by thyroid hormones?
Anonymous Quiz
6%
Ovulation, milk ejection and calcium resorption
11%
T-cell differentiation, antibody production and pigmentation
72%
BMR regulation, erythropoiesis and nutrient metabolism
11%
Glycogenolysis, lipolysis and emergency cardiovascular responses
Enlarged thyroid, protruding eyeballs, increased basal metabolic rate and weight loss together indicate:
Anonymous Quiz
12%
iodine-deficiency goitre
82%
exophthalmic goitre
0%
pituitary dwarfism
6%
diabetes insipidus
What is the main reason immune responses weaken in older individuals?
Anonymous Quiz
11%
Pineal degeneration lowers melatonin and blocks antibody formation.
67%
Thymic degeneration reduces thymosin production and immune support.
17%
Thyroid degeneration reduces T₃ and prevents lymphocyte formation.
6%
Pituitary degeneration lowers GH and directly destroys lymphocytes.
Acute weakness and fatigue associated with altered carbohydrate metabolism can result from underproduction of:
Anonymous Quiz
21%
adrenal medullary hormones
21%
parathyroid hormones
26%
thyroid follicular hormones
32%
adrenal cortical hormones
Which combination best represents glucocorticoid actions?
Anonymous Quiz
61%
Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis and anti-inflammatory action
33%
Glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis and immune response stimulation.
6%
Calcium deposition, water loss, glycogenesis and vasodilation
0%
Sodium loss, potassium retention, glycogenesis and inflammation
Small amounts of androgenic steroids from the adrenal cortex contribute particularly to:
Anonymous Quiz
17%
ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
11%
water conservation and potassium excretion
61%
growth of axial, pubic and facial hair
11%
milk formation and mammary alveolar growth
Which statement about the endocrine portion of the pancreas is correct?
Anonymous Quiz
0%
Alveoli formation and milk secretion.
0%
It contains thousands of acini that produce only peptide hormones.
42%
It constitutes most pancreatic tissue and lacks distinct endocrine cells.
58%
It contains about 1–2 million islets forming roughly 1–2% of pancreas.
Which effect is specifically associated with progesterone in the mammary gland?
Anonymous Quiz
48%
Formation of alveoli and stimulation of milk secretion
17%
Immediate milk ejection by smooth-muscle contraction
22%
Initiation of skin pigmentation around mammary tissue
13%
Inhibition of alveolar development during pregnancy
Hormones secreted by several non-endocrine tissues that support normal tissue growth and repair are called:
Anonymous Quiz
16%
releasing hormones
8%
gonadotrophins
72%
growth factors
4%
catecholamines
Which chemical classification is correct?
Anonymous Quiz
22%
Cortisol—peptide; insulin—steroid; thyroxine—amino-acid derivative
53%
Insulin—peptide; cortisol—steroid; thyroxine—iodothyronine
16%
Epinephrine—steroid; progesterone—peptide; insulin—iodothyronine
9%
Thyroxine—peptide; testosterone—iodothyronine; glucagon—steroid