1. What is the output of the following code?

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = x
y.append(4)
print(x)

2. Which of the following data types is immutable in Python?
A) List
B) Dictionary
C) Set
D) Tuple

3. Write a Python program to reverse a string without using built-in functions.

4. What will be printed by this code?

def func(a, b=[]):
    b.append(a)
    return b

print(func(1))
print(func(2))

5. Explain the difference between == and is operators in Python.

6. How do you handle exceptions in Python? Provide an example.

7. What is the output of:

print(2 ** 3 ** 2)

8. Which keyword is used to define a function in Python?
A) def
B) function
C) func
D) define

9. Write a program to find the factorial of a number using recursion.

10. What does the *args parameter do in a function?

11. What will be the output of:

list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = list1.copy()
list2[0] = 10
print(list1)

12. Explain the concept of list comprehension with an example.

13. What is the purpose of the __init__ method in a Python class?

14. Write a program to check if a given string is a palindrome.

15. What is the output of:

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a[:]
b[0] = 10
print(a)

16. Describe how Python manages memory (garbage collection).

17. What will be printed by:

x = "hello"
y = "world"
print(x + y)

18. Write a Python program to generate the first n Fibonacci numbers.

19. What is the difference between range() and xrange() in Python 2?

20. What is the use of the lambda function in Python? Give an example.

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By: @DataScienceQ 🚀

💡 {{Python Exam}}

Python dictionaries are a fundamental data structure used to store data as key-value pairs. They are mutable (can be changed), dynamic, and since Python 3.7, they maintain the order of insertion. Keys must be unique and of an immutable type (like strings or numbers), while values can be of any type.

1. Creating and Accessing Dictionaries

# Creating a dictionary
student = {
    "name": "Alex",
    "age": 21,
    "courses": ["Math", "CompSci"]
}

# Accessing values
print(f"Name: {student['name']}")
print(f"Age: {student.get('age')}")

# Safe access for a non-existent key
print(f"Major: {student.get('major', 'Not specified')}")

# --- Sample Output ---
# Name: Alex
# Age: 21
# Major: Not specified

• A dictionary is created using curly braces {} with key: value pairs.
• student['name'] accesses the value using its key. This will raise a KeyError if the key doesn't exist.
• student.get('age') is a safer way to access a value, returning None if the key is not found.
• .get() can also take a second argument as a default value to return if the key is missing.

2. Modifying a Dictionary

user_profile = {
    "username": "coder_01",
    "level": 5
}

# Add a new key-value pair
user_profile["email"] = "coder@example.com"
print(f"After adding: {user_profile}")

# Update an existing value
user_profile["level"] = 6
print(f"After updating: {user_profile}")

# Remove a key-value pair
del user_profile["email"]
print(f"After deleting: {user_profile}")

# --- Sample Output ---
# After adding: {'username': 'coder_01', 'level': 5, 'email': 'coder@example.com'}
# After updating: {'username': 'coder_01', 'level': 6, 'email': 'coder@example.com'}
# After deleting: {'username': 'coder_01', 'level': 6}

• A new key-value pair is added using simple assignment dict[new_key] = new_value.
• The value of an existing key is updated by assigning a new value to it.
• The del keyword completely removes a key-value pair from the dictionary.

3. Looping Through Dictionaries

inventory = {
    "apples": 430,
    "bananas": 312,
    "oranges": 525
}

# Loop through keys
print("--- Keys ---")
for item in inventory.keys():
    print(item)

# Loop through values
print("\n--- Values ---")
for quantity in inventory.values():
    print(quantity)

# Loop through key-value pairs
print("\n--- Items ---")
for item, quantity in inventory.items():
    print(f"{item}: {quantity}")

# --- Sample Output ---
# --- Keys ---
# apples
# bananas
# oranges
#
# --- Values ---
# 430
# 312
# 525
#
# --- Items ---
# apples: 430
# bananas: 312
# oranges: 525

• .keys() returns a view object of all keys, which can be looped over.
• .values() returns a view object of all values.
• .items() returns a view object of key-value tuple pairs, allowing you to easily access both in each loop iteration.

#Python #DataStructures #Dictionaries #Programming #PythonBasics

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By: @CodeProgrammer ✨