Ammeter
The meter uses for measuring the current is known as the ammeter. The current is the flow of electrons whose unit is ampere. Hence the instrument which measures the flows of current in ampere is known as ampere meter or ammeter.
The ideal ammeter has zero internal resistance. But practically the ammeter has small internal resistance. The measuring range of the ammeter depends on the value of resistance.
The capital alphabet A represents the ammeter in the circuit.
By the current, the ammeter categorises into two types.
AC ammeter
DC ammeter
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The meter uses for measuring the current is known as the ammeter. The current is the flow of electrons whose unit is ampere. Hence the instrument which measures the flows of current in ampere is known as ampere meter or ammeter.
The ideal ammeter has zero internal resistance. But practically the ammeter has small internal resistance. The measuring range of the ammeter depends on the value of resistance.
The capital alphabet A represents the ammeter in the circuit.
By the current, the ammeter categorises into two types.
AC ammeter
DC ammeter
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What exactly is Ohm's Law?
Ohm's Law describes the way current flows through a material when different levels of voltage are applied. Some materials like electrical wires present little resistance to the current flow and this type of material is called a conductor. Hence if this conductor is placed directly across a battery for example, a lot of current would flow.
The Ohm's Law formula or equation is very straightforward.
Ohm's law can be expressed in a mathematical form:
V=IR
Where:
V = voltage expressed in Volts
I = current expressed in Amps
R = resistance expressed in Ohms
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Ohm's Law describes the way current flows through a material when different levels of voltage are applied. Some materials like electrical wires present little resistance to the current flow and this type of material is called a conductor. Hence if this conductor is placed directly across a battery for example, a lot of current would flow.
Ohm looked at the way current flowed in various materials and he was able to develop his law which we now call Ohm's Law.Ohm's Law formula
The Ohm's Law formula or equation is very straightforward.
Ohm's law can be expressed in a mathematical form:
V=IR
Where:
V = voltage expressed in Volts
I = current expressed in Amps
R = resistance expressed in Ohms
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Variable Resistor (Potentiometer)
A variable resistor is also known as a potentiometer. These components can be found in devices such as a light dimmer or volume control for a radio. When you turn the shaft of a potentiometer the resistance changes in the circuit.
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A variable resistor is also known as a potentiometer. These components can be found in devices such as a light dimmer or volume control for a radio. When you turn the shaft of a potentiometer the resistance changes in the circuit.
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Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch that opens or closes when power is applied. Inside a relay is an electromagnet which controls a mechanical switch.
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A relay is an electrically operated switch that opens or closes when power is applied. Inside a relay is an electromagnet which controls a mechanical switch.
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What Is A Circuit?
An electronic circuit is a circular path of conductors by which electric current can flow. A closed circuit is like a circle because it starts and ends at the same point forming a complete loop. Furthermore, a closed circuit allows electricity to flow from the (+) power to the (-) ground uninterrupted.
In contrast, if there is any break in the flow of electricity, this is known as an open circuit. As shown below, a switch in a circuit can cause it to be open or closed depending on itβs position.
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An electronic circuit is a circular path of conductors by which electric current can flow. A closed circuit is like a circle because it starts and ends at the same point forming a complete loop. Furthermore, a closed circuit allows electricity to flow from the (+) power to the (-) ground uninterrupted.
In contrast, if there is any break in the flow of electricity, this is known as an open circuit. As shown below, a switch in a circuit can cause it to be open or closed depending on itβs position.
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Electrical filter:
They are :
Active filters and passive filters.
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It is a circuit designed to reject all unwanted frequency components of an electrical signal and allows only desired frequencies. In simple it is a circuit which allows only a certain band of frequencies.Applications :
Audio equalizers and in sensitive electronic devices whose input signals should be conditional.These are mainly categorized into 2 types.
They are :
Active filters and passive filters.
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What is a volt: unit of voltage
The basic unit of voltage is the volt, named after the Italian scientist, Alessandro Volta, who made some early batteries and performed many other experiments with electricity.
The standard unit of voltage or potential difference and electromotive force in the International System of Units(SI), is formally defined to be the difference of electric potential between two points of a conductor carrying a constant current of one ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is equal to one watt.
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The basic unit of voltage is the volt, named after the Italian scientist, Alessandro Volta, who made some early batteries and performed many other experiments with electricity.
The standard unit of voltage or potential difference and electromotive force in the International System of Units(SI), is formally defined to be the difference of electric potential between two points of a conductor carrying a constant current of one ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is equal to one watt.
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Potential difference
The electrical potential or voltage is a measure of the electrical pressure available to force the current around a circuit. A useful comparison for these purposes is a simple system containing water such as a water tank with a pipe attached and the water passing through a half open tap. The higher the level of water above the tap, the greater the pressure forcing the water through the pipe and through the half open tap. The greater the water pressure, then the more water that will flow through the system for a given level of resistance in the system.
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The electrical potential or voltage is a measure of the electrical pressure available to force the current around a circuit. A useful comparison for these purposes is a simple system containing water such as a water tank with a pipe attached and the water passing through a half open tap. The higher the level of water above the tap, the greater the pressure forcing the water through the pipe and through the half open tap. The greater the water pressure, then the more water that will flow through the system for a given level of resistance in the system.
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Crystal
A crystal is a piece of quartz that operates on a physical principle known as the piezoelectric effect.
When you squeeze a piece of quartz it electrically oscillates at a very precise frequency dependent on the mechanical pressure applied
Both microcontrollers and microprocessors require highly precise timing in order to function. This is the purpose of a quartz crystal.
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A crystal is a piece of quartz that operates on a physical principle known as the piezoelectric effect.
When you squeeze a piece of quartz it electrically oscillates at a very precise frequency dependent on the mechanical pressure applied
Both microcontrollers and microprocessors require highly precise timing in order to function. This is the purpose of a quartz crystal.
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Microcontroller Unit (MCU)
A microcontroller contains a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and several peripherals all integrated on to a single chip of silicon. It is a highly integrated computer chip designed to pretty much stand on its own without the need for external support chips
A microcontroller excels at interfacing with the external world via sensors, switches, lights, transducers, relays, motors, etc. Whereas, microprocessors excel at processing massive amounts of data very quickly
Arduino is family of development kits based on 8-bit microcontrollers from Atmel. An 8-bit microcontroller is sufficient for fairly simple applications
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A microcontroller contains a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and several peripherals all integrated on to a single chip of silicon. It is a highly integrated computer chip designed to pretty much stand on its own without the need for external support chips
A microcontroller excels at interfacing with the external world via sensors, switches, lights, transducers, relays, motors, etc. Whereas, microprocessors excel at processing massive amounts of data very quickly
Arduino is family of development kits based on 8-bit microcontrollers from Atmel. An 8-bit microcontroller is sufficient for fairly simple applications
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Structure of P-N junction diode
The diode is a device formed from a junction of n-type and p-type semiconductor material.
The lead connected to the p-type material is called the anode and the lead connected to the n-type material is the cathode.
In general, the cathode of a diode is marked by a solid line on the diode.
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The diode is a device formed from a junction of n-type and p-type semiconductor material.
The lead connected to the p-type material is called the anode and the lead connected to the n-type material is the cathode.
In general, the cathode of a diode is marked by a solid line on the diode.
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Zener Diode
A Zener Diode is a special kind of diode which permits current to flow in the forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above the breakdown voltage or βzenerβ voltage. Zener diodes are designed so that their breakdown voltage is much lower - for example just 2.4 Volts.
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A Zener Diode is a special kind of diode which permits current to flow in the forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above the breakdown voltage or βzenerβ voltage. Zener diodes are designed so that their breakdown voltage is much lower - for example just 2.4 Volts.
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Structure of Bipolar Junction Transistor
A bipolar junction transistor, BJT, is a single piece of silicon with two back-to-back P-N junctions.BJTs can be made either as PNP or as NPN.
They have three regions and three terminals, emitter, base, and collector represented by E, B, and C respectively. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the current in the emitter when the transistor is conducting normally. An easy way to remember this is NPN stands for "Not Pointing iN".
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A bipolar junction transistor, BJT, is a single piece of silicon with two back-to-back P-N junctions.BJTs can be made either as PNP or as NPN.
They have three regions and three terminals, emitter, base, and collector represented by E, B, and C respectively. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the current in the emitter when the transistor is conducting normally. An easy way to remember this is NPN stands for "Not Pointing iN".
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Rectification
A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers are essentially of two types β a half wave rectifier and a full wave rectifier.
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A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers are essentially of two types β a half wave rectifier and a full wave rectifier.
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Op-Amp(Operational Amplifier)
Operational Amplifier commonly known as Op-Amp, is a linear elcectronic device having three terminals, two high impedence input and one output terminal
Op-Amp can perform multiple function when attached to diffrent feedback combinations like resistive,
capacitive or both.
Generally it is used as voltage amplifier and the output voltage of the Op-Amp is the diffrence between the voltages at its two input terminals.
Op-Amp shows some properties that make it an ideal amplifier,
its open loop gain and input impedance is infinite (i.e.,practically very high), Output impedance and offset voltage is zero(i.e.,practically very low) and bandwidth is infinite(i.e.,practically limitted to frequency where its gain become unity).
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Operational Amplifier commonly known as Op-Amp, is a linear elcectronic device having three terminals, two high impedence input and one output terminal
Op-Amp can perform multiple function when attached to diffrent feedback combinations like resistive,
capacitive or both.
Generally it is used as voltage amplifier and the output voltage of the Op-Amp is the diffrence between the voltages at its two input terminals.
Op-Amp shows some properties that make it an ideal amplifier,
its open loop gain and input impedance is infinite (i.e.,practically very high), Output impedance and offset voltage is zero(i.e.,practically very low) and bandwidth is infinite(i.e.,practically limitted to frequency where its gain become unity).
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Inverting Op-Amp
The open loop gain(Ao) of the Om-Apm is very high which makes it very unstable, so to make it stable with a controlable gain, a feed back is applied through some external resistor(Rf) from its output to inverting input terminal(i.e.,also known as negative feedback) resulting in reduced gain(closed loop gain, Av).
So the voltage at inverting terminal is now the sum of the actual input and feedback voltages, and to separate both a input resistor(Ri) is introduced in the circuit. The non inverting terminal of the opamp is grounded, and the inverting terminal behaves like a virtual ground as the junction of the input and feedback signal are at the same potential.
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The open loop gain(Ao) of the Om-Apm is very high which makes it very unstable, so to make it stable with a controlable gain, a feed back is applied through some external resistor(Rf) from its output to inverting input terminal(i.e.,also known as negative feedback) resulting in reduced gain(closed loop gain, Av).
So the voltage at inverting terminal is now the sum of the actual input and feedback voltages, and to separate both a input resistor(Ri) is introduced in the circuit. The non inverting terminal of the opamp is grounded, and the inverting terminal behaves like a virtual ground as the junction of the input and feedback signal are at the same potential.
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Non-Inverting Op-Amp
In this configuration of Op-amp the input signal is directly fed to the non inverting terminal resulting in a positive gain and output voltage in phase with input as compared to inverting Op-amp where the gain is negative and output voltage is out of phase with input , and to stabalize the circuit a negative feedback is applied through a resistor(Rf) and the inverting terminal is grounded witha input resistor(R2).
This inverting Op-Amp like layout the at inverting terminal creates a virtual ground at the summing point make the Rf and R2 a potential divider accross inverting terminal, Hence determines the gain of the circuit.
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In this configuration of Op-amp the input signal is directly fed to the non inverting terminal resulting in a positive gain and output voltage in phase with input as compared to inverting Op-amp where the gain is negative and output voltage is out of phase with input , and to stabalize the circuit a negative feedback is applied through a resistor(Rf) and the inverting terminal is grounded witha input resistor(R2).
This inverting Op-Amp like layout the at inverting terminal creates a virtual ground at the summing point make the Rf and R2 a potential divider accross inverting terminal, Hence determines the gain of the circuit.
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What is a Schmitt Trigger?
A Schmitt trigger is a comparator (not exclusively) circuit that makes use of positive feedback (small changes in the input lead to large changes in the output in the same phase) to implement hysteresis (a fancy word for delayed action) and is used to remove noise from an analog signal while converting it to a digital one.
It was invented way back in 1937 by Otto H. Schmitt (whose legacy is somewhat understated) who called it a βthermionic triggerβ.
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A Schmitt trigger is a comparator (not exclusively) circuit that makes use of positive feedback (small changes in the input lead to large changes in the output in the same phase) to implement hysteresis (a fancy word for delayed action) and is used to remove noise from an analog signal while converting it to a digital one.
It was invented way back in 1937 by Otto H. Schmitt (whose legacy is somewhat understated) who called it a βthermionic triggerβ.
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Designed to accurately produce the required output waveform with the addition of just a few extra timing components.
One such device that has been around since the early days of ICβs and has itself become something of an industry βstandardβ is the 555 Timer Oscillator which is more commonly called the β555 Timerβ.
The basic 555 timer gets its name from the fact that there are three internally connected 5kΞ© resistors which it uses to generate the two comparators reference voltages. The 555 timer IC is a very cheap, popular and useful precision timing device which can act as either a simple timer to generate single pulses or long time delays, or as a relaxation oscillator producing a string of stabilised waveforms of varying duty cycles from 50 to 100%.
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One such device that has been around since the early days of ICβs and has itself become something of an industry βstandardβ is the 555 Timer Oscillator which is more commonly called the β555 Timerβ.
The basic 555 timer gets its name from the fact that there are three internally connected 5kΞ© resistors which it uses to generate the two comparators reference voltages. The 555 timer IC is a very cheap, popular and useful precision timing device which can act as either a simple timer to generate single pulses or long time delays, or as a relaxation oscillator producing a string of stabilised waveforms of varying duty cycles from 50 to 100%.
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What is a laser diode?
πThe LASER in Laser Diode is an acronym for 'Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation'. It is also referred to as a semiconductor laser and generally abbreviated as LD.
πIts main feature is high coherency, making it possible to emit light with the same phase and wavelength.
πLaser oscillation is achieved by amplifying light generated through current injection between two mirrors. Simply put, a laser diode is an LED that amplifies and emits light using reflectors.
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πThe LASER in Laser Diode is an acronym for 'Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation'. It is also referred to as a semiconductor laser and generally abbreviated as LD.
πIts main feature is high coherency, making it possible to emit light with the same phase and wavelength.
πLaser oscillation is achieved by amplifying light generated through current injection between two mirrors. Simply put, a laser diode is an LED that amplifies and emits light using reflectors.
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