β Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)
AMI is a bipolar encoding system where neutral (zero) voltage represents binary 0 and alternating positive and negative voltages represents binary 1.
With this line encoding it is the alternating voltages that determine the binary 1s.
@BasicElectronics
AMI is a bipolar encoding system where neutral (zero) voltage represents binary 0 and alternating positive and negative voltages represents binary 1.
With this line encoding it is the alternating voltages that determine the binary 1s.
@BasicElectronics
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β β Voltage Divider
A voltage divider produces an output voltage that's a fraction of its input voltage, determined by the two resistors R1 and R2.
The output voltage is determined by Vo=Vi(R2/R1+R2).
Resistor dividers are often used to generate reference voltages or as level shifters; their high impedance means that attempting to draw significant current from them will cause the voltage to vary.
@BasicElectronics
A voltage divider produces an output voltage that's a fraction of its input voltage, determined by the two resistors R1 and R2.
The output voltage is determined by Vo=Vi(R2/R1+R2).
Resistor dividers are often used to generate reference voltages or as level shifters; their high impedance means that attempting to draw significant current from them will cause the voltage to vary.
@BasicElectronics
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β RC Lowpass Filter
A Resistor-Capacitor Lowpass Filter is a simple analog filter that allows low frequencies to pass but attenuates higher frequencies. The cutoff frequency of the filter is determined by
An RC lowpass filter effectively forms a frequency dependent voltage divider. At low frequencies, the capacitor acts as a very high resistance, so the signal is attenuated very little. At higher frequencies, the capacitor has less resistance, so the signal is attenuated more.
@BasicElectronics
A Resistor-Capacitor Lowpass Filter is a simple analog filter that allows low frequencies to pass but attenuates higher frequencies. The cutoff frequency of the filter is determined by
Fc=1/2ΟRC.An RC lowpass filter effectively forms a frequency dependent voltage divider. At low frequencies, the capacitor acts as a very high resistance, so the signal is attenuated very little. At higher frequencies, the capacitor has less resistance, so the signal is attenuated more.
@BasicElectronics
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β RC Highpass Filter
A Resistor-Capacitor Highpass Filter is a simple analog filter that allows high frequencies to pass but attenuates lower frequencies. The cutoff frequency of the filter is determined by
An RC highpass filter effectively forms a frequency dependent voltage divider. At low frequencies, the capacitor acts as a very high resistance, so the signal is attenuated a lot. At higher frequencies, the capacitor has less resistance, so the signal is attenuated less.
@BasicElectronics
A Resistor-Capacitor Highpass Filter is a simple analog filter that allows high frequencies to pass but attenuates lower frequencies. The cutoff frequency of the filter is determined by
Fc=1/2ΟRC.An RC highpass filter effectively forms a frequency dependent voltage divider. At low frequencies, the capacitor acts as a very high resistance, so the signal is attenuated a lot. At higher frequencies, the capacitor has less resistance, so the signal is attenuated less.
@BasicElectronics
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Opto-electronic (optical electronic) components
There are various components that can turn light into electricity or vice-versa. Photocells (also known as photoelectric cells) generate tiny electric currents when light falls on them and they're used as "magic eye" beams in various types of sensing equipment, including some kinds of smoke detector. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) work in the opposite way, converting small electric currents into light. LEDs are typically used on the instrument panels of stereo equipment. Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), such as those used in flatscreen LCD televisions and laptop computers, are more sophisticated examples of opto-electronics.
There are various components that can turn light into electricity or vice-versa. Photocells (also known as photoelectric cells) generate tiny electric currents when light falls on them and they're used as "magic eye" beams in various types of sensing equipment, including some kinds of smoke detector. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) work in the opposite way, converting small electric currents into light. LEDs are typically used on the instrument panels of stereo equipment. Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), such as those used in flatscreen LCD televisions and laptop computers, are more sophisticated examples of opto-electronics.
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Resistors
The very first component that you should know about is the resistor. It is fairly easy to assume that a resistor, as the name suggests, will resist electricity that flows through it, and you would be correct in that assumption too! Any situation that demands the flow of current to be controlled at a desired level will require a resistor.
Here are two scenarios that better explain what a resistor does. In both cases, we will be turning on a LED:
Scenario 1 β Without Resistor
1. You have power supply on one side.
2. You connect the LED on the other end.
3. The full force of the electricity hits the bulb.
4. This overloads the LED, eventually burning it out completely.
Scenario 2 β With Resistor
1. You have power supply on one side.
2. You connect this to a resistor.
3. The resistor in turn connects to the LED bulb.
4. Electricity flows through the resistor and into the bulb.
5. You can control the amount of electricity that needs to flow to the bulb. As a result, the LED wonβt be overloaded and
The very first component that you should know about is the resistor. It is fairly easy to assume that a resistor, as the name suggests, will resist electricity that flows through it, and you would be correct in that assumption too! Any situation that demands the flow of current to be controlled at a desired level will require a resistor.
Here are two scenarios that better explain what a resistor does. In both cases, we will be turning on a LED:
Scenario 1 β Without Resistor
1. You have power supply on one side.
2. You connect the LED on the other end.
3. The full force of the electricity hits the bulb.
4. This overloads the LED, eventually burning it out completely.
Scenario 2 β With Resistor
1. You have power supply on one side.
2. You connect this to a resistor.
3. The resistor in turn connects to the LED bulb.
4. Electricity flows through the resistor and into the bulb.
5. You can control the amount of electricity that needs to flow to the bulb. As a result, the LED wonβt be overloaded and
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Capacitors
If a resistor is like a cushion that is used to control the flow of electricity, then capacitors are like small rechargeable batteries that store small amounts of charge in them. Capacitors do two things at the same time:
They allow AC, or Alternating Current, to flow through them.
They resist the flow of DC, or Direct Current, through them.
collection of capacitors
By so doing, they are able to stabilize almost any circuit. There are two types of capacitors that are primarily used:
Polarized capacitors β these have a positive and negative terminal
Non-polarized capacitors β these do not have any positive or negative terminals
@BasicElectronics
If a resistor is like a cushion that is used to control the flow of electricity, then capacitors are like small rechargeable batteries that store small amounts of charge in them. Capacitors do two things at the same time:
They allow AC, or Alternating Current, to flow through them.
They resist the flow of DC, or Direct Current, through them.
collection of capacitors
By so doing, they are able to stabilize almost any circuit. There are two types of capacitors that are primarily used:
Polarized capacitors β these have a positive and negative terminal
Non-polarized capacitors β these do not have any positive or negative terminals
@BasicElectronics
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Inductors
Inductors are just as complicated as transistors. Just like transistors, inductors are used to build complicated electrical systems. Unlike transistors though, inductors are essentially coils of wire that are wound around other components. They are used as filters.
@BasicElectronics
Inductors are just as complicated as transistors. Just like transistors, inductors are used to build complicated electrical systems. Unlike transistors though, inductors are essentially coils of wire that are wound around other components. They are used as filters.
Of all the electrical components mentioned on this page, you will most likely not use inductors for basic circuit designs. Nonetheless, depending on the particular project that you are working on, inductors just might make an appearance in the circuitβs design.@BasicElectronics
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Light Emitting Diode (LED)
I briefly alluded to LEDs in the scenarios that were used under βResistorsβ above. LEDs are just like bulbs except that they are extremely reliable. You can find them on practically every appliance in your home that features some kind of an indicator light. A typical LED bulb can last decades with no sign of dying.
@BasicElectronics
I briefly alluded to LEDs in the scenarios that were used under βResistorsβ above. LEDs are just like bulbs except that they are extremely reliable. You can find them on practically every appliance in your home that features some kind of an indicator light. A typical LED bulb can last decades with no sign of dying.
Since they are so reliable, they are used to indicate the state of current at any point in a circuit. An important task like checking the output voltage or current on a circuit becomes simpler with these light-based indicators.@BasicElectronics
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Transistors
The resistors, capacitors, and LEDs are the simple stuff in electrical circuits. Now, let us talk about the first complicated component β the transistor. Transistors are used to build complex electrical systems, such as amplifiers for instance. A simple way to understand transistors is to think of a switch. A basic switch has an βonβ and an βoffβ state. These are controlled by the position of the switch, which is changed manually.
@BasicElectronics
The resistors, capacitors, and LEDs are the simple stuff in electrical circuits. Now, let us talk about the first complicated component β the transistor. Transistors are used to build complex electrical systems, such as amplifiers for instance. A simple way to understand transistors is to think of a switch. A basic switch has an βonβ and an βoffβ state. These are controlled by the position of the switch, which is changed manually.
A transistor is a more advanced switch that has multiple output states. Unlike a switch, you cannot change these states manually. The only way to switch the transistor between various states is to run current through it. By controlling the current that flows through the transistor, you can control the output state to achieve the results you desire.@BasicElectronics
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Integrated Circuit (IC)
Integrated circuits are electrical components that combine, or integrate, numerous electrical components, including the ones that were previously mentioned. One IC can act like a transistor while another IC can act like a resistor.
@BasicElectronics
Integrated circuits are electrical components that combine, or integrate, numerous electrical components, including the ones that were previously mentioned. One IC can act like a transistor while another IC can act like a resistor.
An IC is like a ready-made chip that you can use to complete the project you want to build without having to use lots of single transistors or capacitors. As you upgrade from using basic components to integrated circuits, you will find that it is almost always easier to use ICs for your entire project than using individual components.@BasicElectronics
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Oscillator:
An oscillator is basically a signal generator that produces a sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal signal of some particular frequency. Oscillators find their various applications as these are the fundamental component of any electrical and electronic circuits.
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An oscillator is basically a signal generator that produces a sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal signal of some particular frequency. Oscillators find their various applications as these are the fundamental component of any electrical and electronic circuits.
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