Authentic Answers
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Beneficial Reminder:

The foundation is to read the statements of the Imāms of the Salaf — like al-Shāfiʿī, Aḥmad, Mālik — and the major scholars who followed them, such as Ibn Baṭṭah, Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn al-Qayyim, and others.
Also study the legal rulings found in al-Durar al-Saniyyah and the fatāwā of the imams from Najd who have passed away.

There is no harm in reading the fatāwā of contemporary scholars who follow that same path with goodness but avoid blind attachment, and never place them above those who came before.

And remember:
Taking fatāwā is not a light matter. Not everyone is a muftī. You should only rely on a small number of well-grounded scholars those whose understanding is sound and whose words are rooted in the path of the Salaf in legal matters.

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If Someone Who Claims Islam Falls Into Shirk Out of Ignorance, Is He Called a Mushrik or Does His Ignorance prevent That Label?

Statement:
Shaykh Ṣāliḥ Āl al-Shaykh said:

فإن المتلبس بالشرك يُقال له مشرك، سواءً أكان عالمًا أم كان جاهلًا،

The one who falls into shirk is called a mushrik whether he is a scholar or he is ignorant.”

Source:
Sharḥ Kashf al-Shubuhāt – pg. 136
https://tinyurl.com/salihalshaykh2

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Links to Contemporary Fatāwā from the ʿUlamāʾ.

Reliable Sources for Researching Rulings and Guidance
:



1. Permanent Committee – First Edition
https://tinyurl.com/Lajnah1

2. Permanent Committee – Second Edition
https://ia600803.us.archive.org/13/items/FP168880/00_168880.pdf

3. Mufti
Shaykh Abā Buṭayn
https://tinyurl.com/AbuButayn

4. Mufti Shaykh Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm Āl al-Shaykh
https://tinyurl.com/IbnIbrahim1

5. Fatāwā of Mufti
Shaykh Ibn Bāz – Book One
https://books.islamway.net/1/16/15_IbnBaz_FtawaDrbb.pdf#pdfjs.action=download

6. Fatāwā of Mufti
Shaykh Ibn Bāz – Book Two
https://tinyurl.com/IbnBaz2

7. Fatāwā of Shaykh Ḥamūd al-Tuwayjirī
https://tinyurl.com/Tuwajiri

8. Fatāwā of Shaykh Ṣāliḥ al-Fawzān – Book One
https://tinyurl.com/Fawzan1

9. Fatāwā of Shaykh Ṣāliḥ al-Fawzān – Book Two
https://tinyurl.com/Fawzan2

10. Fatāwā of Shaykh Muḥammad ibn Ṣāliḥ al-ʿUthaymīn
https://tinyurl.com/IbnUthaymin

11. Fatāwā of Shaykh Ṣāliḥ Āl al-Shaykh
https://tinyurl.com/SalahShaykh

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Reminder of Benefit:

Beware of ghulū (extremism) in this matter and making al-walāʾ wa-al-barāʾ based on individuals.

Remember, a person’s ḥāl (state) isn’t known by ḍarūrah (necessity), ʿaql (reason), or fiṭrah (natural instinct) So that means you can’t automatically pass a ruling on someone just because he disagrees with you about a ANY certain individual unless you clarify that person’s ḥāl (state). And even then, it’s not wājib (obligatory) to do so. Be wise.

Many brothers may not be aware of the true condition of certain misguided individuals.

Focus on the masāʾil (issues), and stay away from getting caught up in people.

The key here is the masāʾil, not the person.

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The Ignorant Mushrik: Two Types According to Ibn Taymiyyah


The first:
The one to whom the proof has not reached. Ibn Taymiyyah applies to him the label of kufr and shirk. So he is a mushrik and a kāfir by name according to Ibn Taymiyyah, but he does not judge him with kufr in terms of applying the worldly rulings that result from takfīr, such as the ḥadd of apostasy and similar rulings. Nor is he judged with the punishment of the Hereafter, such as being ruled to enter the Fire, until the proof reaches him.

The second:
The one to whom the Qur’an and ḥadīth have reached and who lives among the Muslims, but he falls into shirk due to ignorance. Ibn Taymiyyah does not excuse him for his ignorance at all. That is because he has no excuse for his ignorance which led him to fall into major shirk.

Source:
The Position of Ibn Taymiyyah on Excusing Ignorance in Cases of Major Shirk - Presentation and Study، pg 328.

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Is Proof Required to Call Him a Mushrik, or Only to Apply the Ruling of Apostasy?

✍️ STATEMENT:
Imam Shaykh Abdullah Aba Butayn (d. 1282 AH) said:

Whoever says "La ilaha illa Allah" but commits major shirk at the same time, such as calling upon the dead or the absent, asking them to fulfill needs and relieve distress, and seeking nearness to them through vows and sacrifices, then he is a mushrik whether he accepts it or not.

Allah does not forgive that partners be associated with Him.

"Indeed, whoever associates partners with Allah, then Allah has forbidden Paradise for him, and his refuge is the Fire." [al Maidah 5:72]

So this is shirk, and whoever does it is a disbeliever.

However, as Shaykh Ibn Taymiyyah said, it is not to be said about a specific individual, "He is a kafir," until what the Messenger brought has been clearly conveyed to him.

Then if he persists after the proof has been established, he is judged to be a disbeliever, and the rulings of apostasy apply to him.

📚 SOURCE:
Majmu Fatawa wa Rasail al Shaykh al Allamah Abdullah ibn Abd al Rahman Aba Butayn, pp. 507–508

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The Imam and Mufti of the Second Saudi State, Abdullah Aba Butayn, makes a clear distinction between names and rulings.

He explains that establishing the proof relates to rulings such as punishment, fighting, and declaring a specific individual a disbeliever both outwardly and inwardly.

As for the label of shirk, it does not wait for the proof.
"Whoever commits shirk is called a mushrik, whether he accepts it or not."

However, declaring a specific person a kafir, both outwardly and inwardly, and applying the rulings of apostasy such as making his blood and wealth lawful, is not done until the proof has been clearly established upon him.
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The Principle of the Excuse of Ignorance, Individual Takfir, and Ruling by What is Apparent

✍️ STATEMENT:
Shaykh Salih Al al-Shaykh said:

"Here, if the hujjah has not been established, are the grave worshippers declared kuffar or not? The answer: Yes. Whoever commits shirk is a mushrik. Major shirk, whoever commits it, is a mushrik.

The establishment of the hujjah is only a condition for the obligation of punishment.

Just as we call the Jews and the Christians kuffar, even if some of them never heard of the Prophet at all, likewise are the people of idols, graves, and similar matters. Whoever commits shirk is a mushrik, and the rulings of the mushrikin are applied to him in this world.

However, if the hujjah has not been established upon him, then it is not definitively stated that he will be in the Fire if he dies. Rather, his affair is withheld until the hujjah is established upon him before Allah.

So there is a clear distinction between conditioning punishment upon the establishment of the hujjah, and wrongly suspending the outward ruling of shirk upon a person.

Whoever commits major shirk is a mushrik, and the worldly rulings follow from that: no seeking forgiveness for him, his slaughtered animal is not eaten, no sacrifice is offered on his behalf, and similar rulings.

As for ruling upon him with kufr inwardly and outwardly in an absolute sense, then this is withheld until the hujjah is established. If the hujjah is not established upon him, then his affair is with Allah."

📚 SOURCE:
Al-Ajwibah wa al-Buḥūth wa al-Mudārasāt al-Mushtamilah ʿalayhā al-Durūs al-ʿIlmiyyah, vol. 1, page 41
https://tinyurl.com/salihalshaykh

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