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My position is very similar to Yoshua's.
Making sequential reasoning compatible with gradient-based learning is one of the challenges of the next decade.
But gradient-based learning applied to networks of parameterized modules (aka "deep learning") is part of the solution.


Gary Marcus likes to cite me when I talk about my current research program which studies the weaknesses of current deep learning systems in order to devise systems stronger in higher-level cognition and greater combinatorial (and systematic) generalization, including handling of causality and reasoning. He disagrees with the view that Yann LeCun, Geoff Hinton and I have expressed that neural nets can indeed be a "universal solvent" for incorporating further cognitive abilities in computers. He prefers to think of deep learning as limited to perception and needing to be combined in a hybrid with symbolic processing. I disagree in a subtle way with this view. I agree that the goals of GOFAI (like the ability to perform sequential reasoning characteristic of system 2 cognition) are important, but I believe that they can be performed while staying in a deep learning framework, albeit one which makes heavy use of attention mechanisms (hence my 'consciousness prior' research program) and the injection of new architectural (e.g. modularity) and training framework (e.g. meta-learning and an agent-based view). What I bet is that a simple hybrid in which the output of the deep net are discretized and then passed to a GOFAI symbolic processing system will not work. Why? Many reasons: (1) you need learning in the system 2 component as well as in the system 1 part, (2) you need to represent uncertainty there as well (3) brute-force search (the main inference tool of symbol-processing systems) does not scale, instead humans use unconscious (system 1) processing to guide the search involved in reasoning, so system 1 and system 2 are very tightly integrated and (4) your brain is a neural net all the way

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