https://www.occrp.org/en/investigation/european-ships-keep-russias-shadow-fleet-afloat
European Ships Keep Russia’s Shadow Fleet Afloat To sustain its oil exports, Russia has been drawing on a network of old tankers it sources from private sellers around the world. A new analysis by Follow the Money and OCCRP shows that Western shipowners have earned at least $6.3 billion selling hundreds of aging tankers on to shell companies, from where they make their way into the shadow fleet.