Web Development
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Learn Web Development From Scratch

0️⃣ HTML / CSS
1️⃣ JavaScript
2️⃣ React / Vue / Angular
3️⃣ Node.js / Express
4️⃣ REST API
5️⃣ SQL / NoSQL Databases
6️⃣ UI / UX Design
7️⃣ Git / GitHub

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Web Development Interview Questions Part 1 🚀

1. Difference between ID and Class selectors in CSS?
ID selectors (#id) are unique per page and used to style a single element.
Class selectors (.class) can be applied to multiple elements. IDs have higher specificity than classes in CSS.

2. Difference between undefined and null in JavaScript?
undefined means a variable has been declared but not assigned a value.
null is an assigned value representing "no value" or "empty."

3. Differences between HTML and XHTML?
⦁ XHTML is HTML defined as an XML application, requiring stricter syntax (like closing all tags and lowercase elements).
⦁ HTML is more lenient in syntax and widely supported.

4. Responsive design vs Adaptive design — explain.
Responsive design uses fluid grids and CSS media queries to dynamically adjust layouts across all screen sizes.
Adaptive design uses fixed layouts for specific screen sizes, detecting device type and loading the closest layout.

5. What is progressive rendering in HTML?
Loading and displaying page content incrementally as it downloads, so users can interact sooner without waiting for the full page to load.

6. Difference between span and div tags?
div is a block-level container used for layout and grouping elements.
span is inline, used for styling parts of text or small groups within a line.

7. How do quirks mode, full standards mode, and almost standards mode differ?
Quirks mode renders pages like old browsers with non-standard behavior.
Full standards mode follows modern web standards strictly.
Almost standards mode is mostly standards-compliant but allows legacy quirks in image handling.

8. Differences between ES5 and ES6 JavaScript?
ES6 (ES2015) introduced many features beyond ES5, including let/const, arrow functions, classes, template literals, promises, modules, and destructuring, enabling cleaner and more powerful code.

9. How do you organize your assets and JavaScript code?
Organize by feature or module, separating CSS, JS, images in structured folders. Use bundlers like Webpack to manage dependencies and minify code, and follow naming conventions for clarity.

10. How do you explain APIs to non-technical stakeholders?
APIs are like a waiter at a restaurant: they take your request (order), tell the kitchen (server or system), and bring back the response (your food). They enable different software to talk and share information easily.

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Web Development Interview Questions Part 2:

11. Black box vs White box testing — what’s the difference?
Black box testing checks functionality without knowing internal code—tests inputs and outputs.
White box testing involves testing internal structures, logic, and code paths.

12. Biggest trends in web development? 
    Trends include Jamstack, serverless architectures, Progressive Web Apps (PWAs), headless CMS, AI integrations, and using frameworks like React, Vue, and Svelte.

13. Differences between mobile and desktop web development? 
    Mobile focuses on smaller screens, touch interactions, slower networks, and resource constraints, while desktop allows more complex layouts, hover states, and faster processing.

14. What is push technology and its pros/cons? 
    Push technology sends data from server to client proactively (e.g., WebSockets). 
    Pros: real-time updates, better user engagement. 
    Cons: resource-intensive, complexity in handling connections.

15. How to implement integer division if not available? 
    Use floor division:
let intDiv = Math.floor(a / b);


16. How to vertically and horizontally center an element with CSS? 
    Simplest in modern CSS:
{
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center; /* horizontal */
  align-items: center; /* vertical */
}


17. How to improve page load speed? 
    Optimize images, minify CSS/JS, leverage browser caching, lazy load assets, use CDNs, and reduce HTTP requests.

18. What’s the Virtual DOM in React? 
    A lightweight copy of the real DOM that React uses to detect changes efficiently and update only what’s necessary for optimal performance.

19. Explain SSR, CSR, and SSG rendering methods.
⦁ SSR (Server-Side Rendering): Pages rendered on server and sent to client.
⦁ CSR (Client-Side Rendering): Browser renders content after loading JS.
⦁ SSG (Static Site Generation): HTML pre-built at build time, served statically.

20. What is tree shaking in JavaScript bundlers? 
    Removing unused code from final bundles during build to optimize size and loading times.

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Web Development Interview Questions Part 3:

21. What’s responsive design? 
    An approach where web layouts adapt fluidly to different screen sizes using flexible grids, images, and CSS media queries for a seamless experience on any device.

22. What are Web Components and why use them? 
    Self-contained, reusable custom elements with encapsulated HTML, CSS, and JS that work natively in browsers to build modular UI components.

23. What is hydration in Next.js and similar frameworks? 
    Hydration is the process where server-rendered HTML gets “activated” with JavaScript on the client side to make it interactive.

24. How do you handle SEO, UX, performance, and security in web apps?
⦁ SEO: semantic tags, metadata, sitemap, fast loading.
⦁ UX: intuitive design, responsive layout, accessibility.
⦁ Performance: optimize assets, caching, lazy loading.
⦁ Security: HTTPS, input validation, sanitize data, use Content Security Policy.

25. Describe your typical workflow for building web pages. 
    Plan layout/design → structure HTML → style with CSS → add interactivity via JavaScript → test on devices → optimize performance → deploy.

26. How do you debug and test others’ code? 
    Read documentation, replicate issues, use browser dev tools, add console logs/debuggers, write unit/integration tests, communicate with the original developer.

27. How do you ensure web accessibility? 
    Follow WCAG guidelines, use semantic HTML, provide alt text for images, ensure keyboard navigability, use ARIA roles where necessary, and test with assistive tools.

28. REST vs SOAP — what’s the difference?
⦁ REST is lightweight, uses standard HTTP methods and formats like JSON; flexible and widely used.
⦁ SOAP is protocol-based, uses XML, stricter, supports formal contracts and built-in error handling.

29. How do you troubleshoot slow loading pages? 
    Analyze with tools like Lighthouse, check network requests, optimize large assets, reduce HTTP calls, review server response times, and audit third-party scripts.

30. What strategies do you use to meet deadlines under pressure? 
    Prioritize tasks, break work into manageable chunks, communicate early if blockers arise, focus on MVP features first, and limit distractions.

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Web Development Interview Questions Part-4

31. How do you make a website mobile-friendly? 
    Use responsive design with fluid grids and flexible images, apply CSS media queries, optimize touch targets, and ensure fast load times on mobile networks.

32. Explain Agile development workflows you've worked with. 
    Agile emphasizes iterative development, collaboration, and flexibility; typical workflows include sprints, daily stand-ups, sprint reviews, and retrospectives to continuously improve.

33. What tools and libraries do you use? 
    Common tools: VS Code, Chrome DevTools, Git, Webpack, Babel. Libraries/frameworks: React, Vue, Angular, jQuery, Tailwind CSS, Axios.

34. How do you prioritize features and bug fixes? 
    Balance urgency, impact on users, and development effort; often use frameworks like MoSCoW (Must have, Should have, Could have, Won’t have) or prioritize on business value.

35. What is the difference between clustered and non-clustered indexes in databases? 
    Clustered index defines the physical order of data in the table (one per table), while non-clustered index is a separate structure pointing to data locations.

36. How do you manage CSS with many style sheets? 
    Use modular CSS (CSS Modules), preprocessors like SASS, establish naming conventions (BEM), and leverage bundlers to combine and minify CSS.

37. Can you explain cross-site scripting (XSS) and how to prevent it? 
    XSS is injecting malicious scripts into webpages that run in users’ browsers. Prevention includes input validation, output encoding, using Content Security Policy, and avoiding inline scripts.

38. What are some common security best practices in web development? 
    Use HTTPS, sanitize user input, implement authentication and authorization, keep dependencies updated, use secure cookies, and protect against CSRF and XSS.

39. How do you optimize SQL queries for performance? 
    Use proper indexing, avoid SELECT *, write efficient joins, limit result sets, analyze execution plans, and denormalize data if needed.

40. What is RESTful API design and best practices? 
    Design APIs using standard HTTP verbs, stateless requests, clear resource URIs, use JSON format, version your API, provide meaningful error messages, and secure endpoints.

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Don't overwhelm to learn JavaScript, JavaScript is only this much

1.Variables
•  var
•  let
•  const

2. Data Types
•  number
•  string
•  boolean
•  null
•  undefined
•  symbol

3.Declaring variables
•  var
•  let
•  const

4.Expressions
Primary expressions
•  this
•  Literals
•  []
•  {}
•  function
•  class
•  function*
•  async function
•  async function*
• 
/ab+c/i
•  string
•  ( )

Left-hand-side expressions
•  Property accessors
•  ?.
•  new
•  new .target
•  import.meta
•  super
•  import()

5.operators
•  Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %
•  Comparison Operators: ==, ===, !=, !==, <, >, <=, >=
•  Logical Operators: &&, ||, !

6.Control Structures
•  if
•  else if
•  else
•  switch
•  case
•  default

7.Iterations/Loop
•  do...while
•  for
•  for...in
•  for...of
•  for await...of
•  while

8.Functions
•  Arrow Functions
•  Default parameters
•  Rest parameters
•  arguments
•  Method definitions
•  getter
•  setter

9.Objects and Arrays
•  Object Literal: { key: value }
•  Array Literal: [element1, element2, ...]
•  Object Methods and Properties
•  Array Methods: push(), pop(), shift(), unshift(),
   splice(), slice(), forEach(), map(), filter()

10.Classes and Prototypes
•  Class Declaration
•  Constructor Functions
•  Prototypal Inheritance
•  extends keyword
•  super keyword
•  Private class features
•  Public class fields
•  static
•  Static initialization blocks

11.Error Handling
•  try,
•  catch,
•  finally (exception handling)

ADVANCED CONCEPTS

12.Closures
•  Lexical Scope
•  Function Scope
•  Closure Use Cases

13.Asynchronous JavaScript
•  Callback Functions
•  Promises
•  async/await Syntax
•  Fetch API
•  XMLHttpRequest

14.Modules
•  import and export Statements (ES6 Modules)
•  CommonJS Modules (require, module.exports)

15.Event Handling
•  Event Listeners
•  Event Object
•  Bubbling and Capturing

16.DOM Manipulation
•  Selecting DOM Elements
•  Modifying Element Properties
•  Creating and Appending Elements

17.Regular Expressions
•  Pattern Matching
•  RegExp Methods: test(), exec(), match(), replace()

18.Browser APIs
•  localStorage and sessionStorage
•  navigator Object
•  Geolocation API
•  Canvas API

19.Web APIs
•  setTimeout(), setInterval()
•  XMLHttpRequest
•  Fetch API
•  WebSockets

20.Functional Programming
•  Higher-Order Functions
•  map(), reduce(), filter()
•  Pure Functions and Immutability

21.Promises and Asynchronous Patterns
•  Promise Chaining
•  Error Handling with Promises
•  Async/Await

22.ES6+ Features
•  Template Literals
•  Destructuring Assignment
•  Rest and Spread Operators
•  Arrow Functions
•  Classes and Inheritance
•  Default Parameters
•  let, const Block Scoping

23.Browser Object Model (BOM)
•  window Object
•  history Object
•  location Object
•  navigator Object

24.Node.js Specific Concepts
•  require()
•  Node.js Modules (module.exports)
•  File System Module (fs)
•  npm (Node Package Manager)

25.Testing Frameworks
•  Jasmine
•  Mocha
•  Jest
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