Major Trans-Continental Railways of World
• Canadian Pacific Rail Route: It runs from Halifax to Vancouver
• Candian National Rail Route: It joins St. John City to Vancouver.
• Trans-Siberian Rail Route: It connects St. Petersburg to Vlalivostok.
• Trans-caucasus Rail Route: It starts from Batum, cross Tergana and reaches Krusk.
• North Trans Continental Rail Route: It originates at Seattle (USA) New York.
• Mid Trans Continental Rail Route: It joins san Francisco to New York.
• Southern Trans Continental Rail Routes: It runs from Los Angeles to New York and then reaches New Orleans.
• Oriental Express Rail Route: Connects Paris to Kustuntunia (Turkey)
• Cape-Cairo Rail Route: It is the longest rail route of Africa running from Cape Town in Southern part of continent and reaches Ciro near the coast of Mediterranean sea situated in the northern part of continent.
• Trans-Andean Rail Route: Starting from Valparais (Chile) reaches other end of the continent running west to east to Buenos Aires (Argentina).
• Trans-Australian Continental Rail Route: It connects west end of Australia to east end starting from Perth and reaches Sydney.
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ESSAY Test
Write essays on one topic in about 1000 -1200 words
(Marks- 125×2=250)

TOPICS
1) Poverty is like a punishment for a crime you didn’t commit.
2) Sustainable development and climate change are two sides of the same coin.

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iN SHORT CURRENT AFFAIRS

Swamp Deer
●The barasingha, also called swamp deer, is a deer species distributed in the Indian subcontinent.
●Populations in northern and central India are fragmented, and two isolated populations occur in southwestern Nepal.
●It is extinct in Pakistan and Bangladesh.
●Swamp deer occur in the Kanha National Park of Madhya Pradesh, in two localities in Assam, and in only 6 localities in Uttar Pradesh. 
●In India, it is included under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
●IUCN status: Vulnerable.

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SVEEP
●Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation program, better known as SVEEP
●SVEEP is the flagship program of the Election Commission of India for voter education, spreading voter awareness and promoting voter literacy in India. 
●SVEEP’s primary goal is to build a truly participative democracy in India by encouraging all eligible citizens to vote and make an informed decision during the elections.

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Bamboo
●Bamboos are a diverse group of evergreen perennial flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae. 
●Most bamboo species are native to warm and moist tropical and to warm temperate climates.
●However, many species are found in diverse climates, ranging from hot tropical regions to cool mountainous regions and highland cloud forests.
●Bamboos seldom and unpredictably flower and the frequency of flowering varies greatly from species to species. ●Once flowering takes place, a plant declines and often dies entirely. In fact, many species only flower at intervals as long as 65 or 120 years.
●These taxa exhibit mass flowering (or gregarious flowering), with all plants in a particular 'cohort' flowering over a several-year period.

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Asiatic Water Buffalo
●The wild water buffalo, also called Asian buffalo, Asiatic buffalo and wild Asian buffalo, is a large bovine native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
●It has been listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List since 1986, as the remaining population totals less than 4,000. 
●The global population has been estimated at 3,400 individuals, of which 3,100 (91%) live in India, mostly in Assam.
●The wild water buffalo occurs in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, and Cambodia, with an unconfirmed population in Myanmar.
●Its extirpated in Bangladesh, Laos, 
Vietnam, and Sri Lanka.
●It is associated with wet grasslands, swamps, flood plains and densely vegetated river valleys.
●It is included in CITES Appendix III, and is legally protected in Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Thailand.

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Jhuran Formation
●The discovery of iron-bearing concretions is one of the most exciting discoveries in the recent past on Mars.
●A report on analog terrestrial site hosting hematite-bearing concretions belonging to Jhuran sandstone, Kutch, India is found to be of similar type.
●The Jhuran and Martian concretions share similar textural attributes and are of comparable size, but are geochemically different.
●Both show very good similarity between the Jhuran concretions and the “Martian blueberries”.
●The Jhuran concretions are most commonly mixtures of goethite and hematite, and not pure hematite.

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Article 342A
●Article 342 A empowers President to specify socially and educationally backward classes in various states and union territories.
●He can do this in consultation with Governor of concerned State. However, law enacted by Parliament will be required if list of backward classes is to be amended.
●102nd Constitution amendment Act of 2018 inserted Article 338B and 342A.

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MAINS ANSWER WRITING
Topic- Polity (Day 1)

Q.280) "The Constitution of India is itself the product of the freedom struggle." Elucidate.
(10mark) (150words)

Q.281) Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the preamble. Are they defendable in the present circumstances stances? (15mark) (250words)

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Free Demo Available.

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iN SHORT CURRENT AFFAIRS

Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)
●EESL is a Super Energy Service Company (ESCO), which enables consumers, industries and governments to effectively manage their energy needs through energy efficient technologies.
●EESL is implementing the world’s largest energy efficiency portfolio across sectors like lighting, buildings, electric mobility, smart metering, agriculture, etc.
●EESL’s energy efficiency solutions have saved India over 47 billion kWh energy annually while reducing 36.5 million tonnes of carbon emission.
●Founded in 2009, EESL is promoted by Ministry of Power, Government of India as a Joint Venture of four reputed public- sector undertakings NTPC Limited, Power Finance Corporation Limited, REC Limited and POWERGRID Corporation of India Limited.
●EESL focuses on solution-driven innovation with no subsidy or capital expenditure (CAPEX).

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Pench Tiger Reserve
●In the heart of India, Madhya Pradesh, Pench National Park is located in the districts of Seoni and Chhindwara.
●Named after the pristine River Pence which flows through the park, Pench National Park is one of the most popular wildlife reserves in India.
●The park also has its mention in the famous story of 1894, ‘The Jungle Book’, penned down by the renowned English Author Rudyard Kipling. 
●Since its inception in 1965 as a wildlife sanctuary, the park has serving as the cosy nest of numerous wild creatures including the Royal Bengal tiger, jackal, peafowl, wild dog, wild boar, sloth bear, Indian leopard, fox, striped hyena, monkey, gaur, barking deer, four-horned antelope, Indian wolf, and more such enthralling species.
●Later in the year 1975 and 1992, the sanctuary got the recognition of national park and tiger reserve, respectively.

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Agricultural Marketing & Farm Friendly Reforms Index (AMFFRI), 2019
●The first-ever index was released in October 2016 by NITI Ayog and the following report in 2019.
●AMFFRI is an index which compares the status of reforms in the agriculture sector across all the states and UTs in the country.
● The index is broadly based on three actions taken by a state or UT-
1)Implementation of Agricultural marketing reforms 
2)Action to facilitate and liberalise lease in and lease out of agricultural land 
3)Liberalization of regulation on felling and transit of trees grown on private land 
●On the basis of these three actions, a state/UT is given a score out of 100.
●Maharashtra topped the index and was followed by Gujarat. 

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Asian NATO
●QUAD an alliance of India Japan Australia and USA is being termed as Asian NATO.
●The Quad, or the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, involves besides Japan, the US, Australia and India, all of which see an increasingly economically and militarily powerful China flexing its muscle in the region and beyond.
●They want to keep the sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific free.

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KALIA Scheme (Odisha)
●Through the implementation of Krushak Assistance for Livelihood and Income Augmentation - KALIA Scheme , the State Government aims to lend farmers with an all inclusive and flexible support system, ensuring accelerated agricultural prosperity.
●KALIA scheme brings under its umbrella 92% of cultivators of the state and almost all needy landless cultivators , who can avail the benefits of this scheme through Direct Benefit Transfer Mode.
●Financial Assistance of Rs.12,500/-will be provided to each landless Agricultural Household for Agricultural allied activities like for small goat rearing unit, mini-layer unit, duckery units, fishery kits for fisherman, mushroom cultivation and bee-keeping, etc.

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Leaders & their journals
●Yugantar – Barindra Ghosh
●Sanjivini – K. K. Mitra
●Bharat Mata – Ajit Singh
●Sandhya – B. Upadhyaya
●New India – Anne Besent

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