The terms - Bhishti, Vetti and Bhoga- are related to which group of people in reference to ancient Indian history?
A. Forced labour
B. Merchant community
C. Court Officials
D. Unit of Administration

These are terms for forced labour.
Bhishti - used from ancient to medieval era and even in modern time after independence.
Vetti - In chola and Pandyan era in south (On the contrary of general perception in southwrn India forced labour and general expoitaion of lower caste was pervassive.
Bhoga - Western and central India. King's right to extract labour and supply from villagers especially those of the lower castes involved in manual lsbour.

[Additionally Beth begari is also related to forced labour. This was employwd by the British and 'Diku' (monelender, traders, merchants and landlords) in Chhotanagpur region of now Jharkhand or then Bengal Province)

Portuguese introduced several things in india. Most important among these are:
🚩Tech: Printing Press.
🚩Architecture: Gothic style.
🚩Fruits, vegetable and spices: Guava, Papaya, Pumpkin, Patao, Sweet Potato, Tomato, Chillies, Groundnuts, Cashew and Tobacco.
[How many of the above are not indispensible in modern India!!! Notice when narrowminded moron say 'this' (say a fruit, vegetable or may be a dish) is Indian and 'this' is not Indian]

Mahayana Bhuddhism : Two subschool
1. Madhyamika - Developed by Nagarjuna (Aka Nagasena, the writer of MilindaPanho)- Sunyavada is the core concept and beleives in Majjhim Padipada (Middle Path) i. e. Avoiding the extremes of eternalism amd nihilism - They believe in SARNAGATA form of budhha

2. Yogacara- propounded by brothers, Asanga and Vasumitra - Core concept is Vijnaptimatra- They believe in TATHAGATA form of Budhha.

Works for both pre and mains

See if the Mnemonics that i have wrote for myself works for you!

DONBAS region has been already asked but thing to remember is that it is rich in coal and below it is the sea of AZOV which is connected to BLACK sea via straight of KERCH and which is a chok point under Russian control.

In my understanding the highly probable question from map section is the border of Turkiye also called Turkey. Especially remember that Azerbaijan borders it.
#CHECK YOUR MAP
#Dontsaylaterthatididnottellyou

Many map miss this. Once popular maps used to omit/simplify the part of the map where North Korea meets Russia and UPSC asked about it which prompted all the maps in market to be corrected!

HPV Virus does not use reverse transcription and is not a retrovirus. It is from Papollomaviridae family. It has double stranded DNA (dsDNA).

Phthalates and Oligomers are endocrine disruptors and linked to hormonal imbalances. They also bioaccumulates. These are found in soft plastic. Its very job is to make plastic soft and slippery. Thinner the plastic more leachate will be there.
Note - Food, that directly consumed, are main source of these substabces such as pouched milk than that can be peeled or cooked such as fruits and vegetable. Avoid pouched milk, curd and buttermilk if you want!
THALATES are important for exam, rest info are for general purpose!
#Dontsaylaterthatididnottellyou

Micro Plastics (MP) carry adsorbed toxins, crossing gut barriers to blood/brain. In high temperature region such as India and rough handling amplify leachate of mocriplastics and substances like thalates and oligomers.

Energy Pyramid is always uprught.
Number Pyramid could be upright (Grassland) or inverted (Trees).
Buomass Pyramid can also be upright (Usually on land) or inverted (Usually in aquatic system).
Decomposers are depicted outside or in the side of the pyramid.

Animal cell lacks cell wall.
Plant cell have cell wall made up of cellulose.
Fungi have cell wall of Chitin.
Diatoms have cell walls of Silica.

✳️Normal Smog: SO2 + Fog
✳️Photochemcal Smog: Sunlight + NOx + VOC --> Ground Ozone + PAN + Nitric Acid + Aldehydes.

In ants, bees, and wasps, females develop from fertilized eggs (diploid) and males from unfertilized eggs (haploid).
Worker ants and bees are exclusively unfertilised females while in termites workers could be sterile males or females.

Water vapor is actually the single most potent greenhouse gas on Earth, responsible for about 60% of the natural greenhouse effect. Yet, it is not a primary cause of global warming. It is classified strictly as a Climate Feedback.