Look at this graph carefully. What do you see?
India wasn't bad in comaprison to others at independence( certainly indian economy was bad in absolute term). Then why india fell behind others?

Can you see the era of License Raj and impact of LPG reforms. This graph is really intutive and interesting.

This post is not important for UPSC pre but still give understanding about India's economic standing among other countries.

What is E-Kuber platform? [Very Important] [ Just know the function. Don't delve in the details]

🚩E-Kuber is the Core Banking Solution (CBS) platform of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), launched in 2012. This is a government debt market platform managed by RBI which keeps track of gvt transactions.

🚩It acts as a central hub for managing accounts, facilitating government security auctions, and handling Treasury operations.

🚩The Vaikom Satyagraha (1924-25) was the first Organised agitation against untouchability and caste based discrimimation in India.
🚩It was only partially successful, i.e. temple entry did not get permission and only 3 out of 4 public roads were opened.
🚩Later in 1934, K Kellapan (known as Gandhi of Kerala) launched another agitation called Guruvayur Satyagraha. It was more dramatic and resulted in Temple Entry Proclamation of 1936.

🚩Do the fold mountains have volcanoes?
🚩What about Himalayan Mountains. Is there any volcanic activity?

🚩Fold moumtains are not exceptions. The Andes and the Cascades have volcanoes. (Find names?)

🚩The Himalaya and the Alps do not have active volcanoes. [ Mt Etna and Vesuvius in Italy are part of the Appenies not the Alps]

🚩As a general rule if fold moumtain is the result of continent-continent conversion then there wont be volcanoes and if continent-oceanic qith subduction zone then there will be volcanoes.

[Distribution of volcano is important for pre 2026]

The Indian courts are among the most non transparent and undemocratic institution. They function as clique in the name of independence. You can not criticise them and if you complained about any of them then there is no way of knowing what happened to your complains. Independence has become their shield and accountability of judiciary is defined in judiciary themselves. Infact as it apeear laws do not apply to them and the courts are not court of law but court of judges. They are law adjudicating officers, hand and mouth of law not law themselves. However they bear title of 'justice' which is clearly colonial remanant of ingratiation and agrandisment with no justifiable meaning.
We see change everywhere, police, administration, politics, industry and overall society, but courts are so rigid to change that they have refused improvement consistently due to false belief rquating indepence with islolation.

🚩Sabha (mentioned 8 times in Rigveda) - Mostly Judicial in nature- rarely women were alllowed (Sabhavati)
🚩Samiti ( 9 times) - Mostly Political, Elected Kings, Oversaw General Tribal business- more participation of women than Sabha.
🚩Vidatha ( 122 times) - Religiou, economic and military affairs - Women attended frequently.

Early Rigvedic period was more egalitarian as vedic people were tribal. The villages [A village here means a collection of settlements wich included several villages] were ruled Gramini Above which were Ragyan (Raja=King). In egalitarian and tribal society women generally have more rights than advanced society. This is why with time place of women deteriorated throughout times after rigvedic period. The most harm was done to women was in Gupta period [ As you can see that Ashoka sent aborad as envoy not only his son Mahendra but also his doughter Sanghamitra].
Further great harm was done to women in Medieval chaotic era.
It is only in the modern times that the improvement started, especially after Industrial revolution. The social work of many people has been instrumental but the real hero of women cause is economic necessity of modern Industrialised society and spread of education as well as intellectual deabate and inquiry into the state of our soceity.

Latest Ramsar Map. [All the 98 sites]
🚩Telangana, Delhi , Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland have no Ramsar site.

👉👉Nagarhole TR in Karnataka
+Bandipur TR in Karnataka
+ Wayanad TR ( Tholpetty+Muthanaga) in Kerala
+Mudumalayi TR is Tamil Nadu-----forms one contiguous tiger territory where tiger move freely. This also forms the core area of The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserves. This contiguous area has the largest number of Tigers in the world.

Caution: Though in popular imagination Sunderban exist as dominant tiger habitat in India, in reality it comes only at the 9th place. JimnCorbett in Uttaralhand had the highest number.

The Portuguese and the French established their first base in Malabar coast but the Dutch and the French in Coromondal coast. Why? [ Not for preliminary]

Remeber that tge Mughql port Masulipatnam under Golconda was the most important port in Coromondel in the begining, while the Mughal port Surat in Malabar was the most important port.

What is happening here!!

The terms - Bhishti, Vetti and Bhoga- are related to which group of people in reference to ancient Indian history?
A. Forced labour
B. Merchant community
C. Court Officials
D. Unit of Administration

These are terms for forced labour.
Bhishti - used from ancient to medieval era and even in modern time after independence.
Vetti - In chola and Pandyan era in south (On the contrary of general perception in southwrn India forced labour and general expoitaion of lower caste was pervassive.
Bhoga - Western and central India. King's right to extract labour and supply from villagers especially those of the lower castes involved in manual lsbour.

[Additionally Beth begari is also related to forced labour. This was employwd by the British and 'Diku' (monelender, traders, merchants and landlords) in Chhotanagpur region of now Jharkhand or then Bengal Province)