🔆 Organizations Before INC

📍 Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha (1836)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Raja Ram Mohan Roy

📍 Zamindari Association (1837)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Dwarkanath Tagore

📍 British India Society (1839)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: William Adam

📍 The Bengal British India Society (1843)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 British India Association (1851)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 Madras Native Association (1852)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founder: Gazalu Chetty

📍 Bombay Association (1852)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founder: Jagannath Shankar Seth

📍 East India Association (1866)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Dadabhai Naoroji

📍 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870)
✅ Location: Bombay (Poona)
✅ Founders: M. G. Ranade, Ganesh Vasudev Joshi, S. H. Chipalunkar

📍 National Indian Association (1870)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Mary Carpenter

📍 Indian Society (1872)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Anand Mohan Bose

📍 Indian League (1875)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Sisir Kumar Ghosh

📍 The Indian Association of Calcutta (1876)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: S. N. Banerjea, Anand Mohan Bose

📍 The Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founders: M. Veeraraghavachari, G. Subramania Aiyer, P. Anand Charlu

📍 Bombay Presidency Association (1885)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founders: K. T. Telang, Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta

✅ Foreign Travellers who visited India in Medieval Period during various ruler' s reign

1. Marco Polo from Italy : 1288-1292 AD : Pandya Kingdom

2. Ibn-e-Batuta from Morocco : 1333-1342 AD
: Mohammad Bin Tughlaq

3. Nicoloi Conti from Italy : 1420-1422 AD
: Dev Ray I (Vijay Nagar)

4. Tsang Hi from China : 1421-1431 AD : Jalaluddin of Bengal

5. Abdur Razzak-Ambassador from Iran : 1442-1443 AD : Dev Ray II (Vijay Nagar)

6. Athnasius Niketin from Russia : 1470-1474 AD : Mohammad III Bahmani

7. Bartholomu Diaz-Italian boat man : 1503-1508 AD : Deccan

8. Eduardo Barbosa-Portuguese : 1516-1518 AD : Krishna Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)

9. Domingo’s Paes—Portuguese : 1520-1522 A : Krishna Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)

10. Nuniz-Portuguese Merchant of Home
: 1535-1537 AD : Achyut Dev Ray (Vijay Nagar)

11. Anthony Monserrate Portuguese Priest
: 1578-1582 AD : Akbar

12. Ralph Fisch (First English traveller)
: 1585-1591 AD : Akbar

13. Ceaser Fredriseh (Portuguese traveller)
: 16th Century : Vijay Nagar

14. John Linscoten (Dutch) : 16th Century : Vijay Nagar

15. Lama Taranath (Tibetian Bauddha)
: 16th Century : Eastern India

16. Captain Hawkins (English traveller)
: 1608-1613 AD : Jahangir

17. William Fisch (English traveller)
: 1608-1612 AD : Jahangir

John Jurdan (Portuguese): 1608-1617 AD
: Jahangir

19. Nicholos Doughton (English Navy Officer)
: 1608-1615 AD: Jahangir

20. Nicholos Withurgton (English traveller)
: 1612-1616 AD: Jahangir

21. Thomas Coryat (English traveller)
: 1612-1617 AD: Jahangir

22. Sir Thomas Roe (English Ambassador)
: 1615-1619 AD: Jahangir

23. Pal Canning (English traveller)
: 1615-1625: Jahangir

24. Edward Terry (English Priest)
: 1616-1619 AD: Jahangir

25. Francisco Paelsert (Dutch): 1620-1627 AD
: Jahangir

26. Pietra Della Velle (Italy) : 1622-1660 AD
: Jahangir

27. John Loyatt (Dutch) : 1626-1633 AD
: Shahjahan

28. John Fryer (English): 1627-1681 AD
: Shahjahan

29. Peter Mundy (Italy): 1630-1634 AD
: Shahjahan

30. Tavernier (French Jeweller): 1641-1687 AD
: Shahjahan & Aurangzeb

31. Manucci (Italy): 1656-1687 AD
: Aurangzeb

32. Bernier (French Doctor): 1658-1668 AD
: Aurangzeb

33. Jean Thevnot (France): 1666-1668 AD
: Aurangzeb

34. Gammilly Careri (Italy): 1695-1697 AD

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https://t.me/Upsc_notes_toppers

✅️ Only Parliament has the jurisdiction to constitutionally remove a High Court judge

⭐️ None of six attempts at impeaching a judge since Independence have been successful.

🧵 Constitutional Provisions Related to Impeachment of Judges :-

● Art.124(4): provides for impeachment of a judge of a supreme court.

● Art.218 says the same provisions shall apply to a judge of High Court as well.

Grounds: Proven misbehavior and incapacity (Not defined in the Constitution).

Procedure is regulated by Judges Enquiry Act (1968).

✅️ Steps in the Impeachment Process Initiation:

1. A motion must be signed by at least 100 Lok Sabha members or 50 Rajya Sabha members. Submitted to presiding officer of respective House.

2. Investigation: Referred to a three-member committee comprising: Chief Justice of India or a judge of Supreme Court, a High Court Chief Justice, and a distinguished jurist.

Committee investigates charges and submits report to Speaker/ Chairman with its findings and observations. Speaker/ Chairman will then place report before Lok Sabha/ Rajya Sabha.

If committee finds judge guilty, its report is adopted by House where it was introduced.

3. Parliamentary Approval: Debate and voting in both Houses of Parliament requires special majority (Two-thirds majority of members present and voting and a majority of total membership).

4. Presidential Action: If passed by both houses, motion is sent to the President for final approval.

Parts of the Indian Constitution

Countries surrounding Red Sea
(Mnemonic - Yemen SEEDS)

✅Yemen
✅S: Saudi Arabia
✅E: Egypt
✅E: Eritrea
✅D: Djibouti
✅S: Sudan

Countries surrounding the Gulf of Aden

✅Djibouti
✅Somalia
✅Yemen

Countries which are part of the Horn of Africa

✅Eritrea
✅Djibouti 
✅Ethiopia
✅Somalia

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Delhi Sultanate

Consistency unlocks success

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