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*🛡️Sangam Age:- Key Highlights*

*💎Titles of Sangam Dynasties*

*♟️Chola* – Senni, Valavan, Killi
♟️ *Pandya* – Thennavar, Minavar, Panchavar
*♟️Cheras* – Vanavar, Villavar, Kuttavar

*💎Village Administration*

*♟️Manram* – Village assemblies managing local affairs
*♟️Urs* – Town
*♟️Perur* – Large villages
*♟️Sirur* – Small villages

*💎Trade & Ports (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea)*

*♟️Noura* – Kannur
*♟️Tyndis* – Ponnani
*♟️Muziris* – Kodungallur
*♟️Nelcynda* – Kottayam
*♟️Colchi* – Korkai
*♟️Camara* – Kaveripattanam
*♟️Poduka/Arikamedu* – Pondicherry

*💎Major Trade & Industry*

*♟️Madurai & Uraiyur* – Important textile centers
*♟️Korkai* – Center for pearl trade

*💎Land Classification by Fertility*

*♟️Marudam* – Most fertile land
*♟️Menpulam* – Fertile land
*♟️Pinpulam* – Dry land
*♟️Vanpulam* – Hard land
*♟️Kalaṇilam/Uvanilam* – Salty land

*💎Market System*

*♟️Angadi* – The market
*♟️Nalangadi* – Morning bazaar
*♟️Allangadi* – Evening bazaar

*💎Society & Culture*

*♟️Occupational Castes* – Panar, Eyinar, Pulaiyar
*♟️Devarinda* – Term for a group of five gods: Murugan, Shiva, Krishna, Balarama, and Indra
*♟️Karikala* – Known as the Master of 7 notes of music
*♟️Utharamerur Inscription* – Provides insights into local self-government under the Cholas.

*🛡️Mahi River*

♟️The Mahi basin extends over states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat having total area of 34,842 Sq km.

♟️It is bounded by Aravalli hills on the north and the north-west, by Malwa Plateau on the east, by the Vindhyas on the south and by the Gulf of Khambhat on the west.

♟️Mahi is one of the major interstate west flowing rivers of India.

♟️It originates from the northern slopes of Vindhyas at an altitude of 500 m in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh.

♟️The total length of Mahi is 583 km.

♟️It drains into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat.

♟️The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to 63.63% of the total area

♟️Hydro Power stations are located in Mahi Bajaj Sagar dam and at Kadana Dam.

♟️Vadodara is the only important urban centre in the basin. There are not many industries in the basin.

♟️Some of the industries are cotton textile, paper, newsprint, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Most of these industries are located at Tatlam.

*🛡️Sixth Schedule*

♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution.

*💎Advantages*

♟️Democratic devolution of powers
♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region
♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land
♟️Enhance transfer of funds

*💎Issues*

♟️Limited geographical coverage
♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption
♟️Financial dependency over state authority
♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers
♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega.
♟️Lack of codification of customary laws
♟️Lack of skilled professionals.

♟️Creation of elected village councils
♟️Regular election by state election commission
♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws
♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.

*🛡️Climate Change Performance Index*

*♟️Launched* at COP30 - Belem,Brazil

*♟️Published by:* Germanwatch, New Climate Institute,Climate Action Network International

*♟️Purpose:* Tracks climate mitigation progress of the world’s largest emitters

*♟️Key Indicators -* GHG Emissions, Renewable Energy, Energy Use, Climate Policy

*♟️Coverage:* 63 countries + European Union
(account for >90% of global GHG emissions)

*♟️Top Performers -* Denmark (3rd), United Kingdom(4th), Morocco(5th)

*♟️Note:* No country occupies the top three positions because none is fully Paris-compatible.

♟️INDIA ranks 23rd, Sharp fall of 13 places (10th to 23rd).
-Moves from High to Medium Performer.

🛡️ *Major Environmental Institutes*

♟️National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) —Nagpur, Maharashtra
♟️Central Avian Research Institute —Izzatnagar, Barreilly
♟️Largest museum in India —Chennai, Tamil Nadu
♟️Largest fish aquarium in India —Mumbai, Maharashtra
♟️Largest Zoo in India —Alipur, Kolkata. best study channel-study for civil services
♟️Largest bird park in India —Bharatpur, Rajasthan
♟️Largest Zoo in the World —Kruger National Park

India–EU Partnership: A Strategic Momentum 🇮🇳🇪🇺

🌟 Key Highlights 🌟
📊 $136 Billion Trade: The EU is India’s largest goods trading partner in 2024–25
💼 Services Surge: Indian services exports doubled to €37 billion between 2019 and 2024
🤝 Tech & Green Focus: Trade and Technology Council driving digital & clean energy cooperation
🛡️ Security Ties Deepen: Talks underway for a new India–EU Security & Defence Partnership
🌍 People Connect: Over 9.3 lakh Indians reside in the EU, strengthening mobility and education links
📌 Why it matters: The upcoming 16th India–EU Summit (Jan 2026) signals a stronger, future-ready partnership.

📘 GC Leong Summary + PYQ 📌
Physical geography made simple!
We’ve attached GC Leong crisp notes along with relevant PYQs 🔥
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*🛡️Bhakti Saint & their time Period*

♟️Shankara (788 - 820 AD)
♟️Ramanuja (1017-1137 A.D)
♟️Basava (12th Century)
♟️Madhva (1238-1319 AD)
♟️Ramanada (15th century)
♟️Kabir (1440-1510 AD)
♟️Chaitanya (1468-1533 AD)
♟️Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1538 AD)
♟️Purandara (15th century)
♟️Dadu Dayal (1544-1603 AD)
♟️Surdas (1483-1563 AD)
♟️Vallabhacharya (1479-1531 AD)
♟️Shankaradeva (1499-1569 AD)
♟️Mirabai (1498-1563 AD)
♟️Haridas (1478-1573 AD)
♟️Tulasidas (1532-1623 AD)
♟️Namdeva (1270-1309 AD)
♟️Jnanesvar (1275-1296 AD)
♟️Eknath (1533-1599AD)
♟️Tukaram (1608?- 1650AD).