|🍁UP BOARD ENGLISH NCERT CLASS 12🍁|:
Direct and Indirect Narration

Rules ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖
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1. Change of persons 👉

Reporting        reported
Speech            Speech
S 👈         👁️   1️⃣ I,we,me,my,us,
O 👈         👁️  2️⃣you, your
N 👈         👁️  3️⃣he,she,they,it

S=subject, O=object,
N=no change
1️⃣ = 1st person
2️⃣ = 2nd person
3️⃣ = 3rd person

1. यदि reported speech में first person(I,We) का pronoun हो। तो वह reporting speech के subject के अनुसार बदला जाता है।S👈1️⃣

2.यदि reported speech में second(you,your) person का pronoun हो। तो वह reporting speech के object के अनुसार बदला जाता है। O👈2️⃣

3.यदि reported speech में third person(he, she,it,they) का pronoun हो। तो उसमे कोई परिवर्तन नही होता है।N👈3️⃣no change
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(@preperaclasses)
❣2. Change of tenses❣
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1.Present Ind.T.👉Past ind.T.
Do/does not=did not
Do/does=did
V¹/V⁵=V²
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2.Present cont.t.👉past cont.t
Is,am,are=was,were
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3.P. perfect t👉past perfect t.
Has/have+V3=had+v³
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4. P. per.con.t.👉past p.c.t.
Has/have+been=had been
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5.Past ind.=past perfect t.
Did=had+v³
V²=had+v³
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6.past cont.t.=past perfect con.
Was/were+v⁴=had been+v⁴
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7.past perfect tense=no change
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8.past perfect con.t=no change
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Shall=should
Will=would
Can=could
May=might
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(@preperaclasses)
💐3. Change of other parts of speech❣

Direct         Indirect
This            That
These        Those
Here           There
Now            Then
Thus            So
Today          That day
Tonight        That night
Tomorrow    The following day
                        या the next day
Yesterday      The previous day
Ago                 Before
Next day        The following day
Last day         The previous day
Next=the following
Last=the previous
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Synthesis

1. दो या दो से अधिक सिंपल सेंटेंस को मिलाकर एक सिंपल सेंटेंस बनाना।
(@preperaclasses)
Rule.1 participle का प्रयोग करके
A. Present participle
Separate - I reached home. I took off my clothes.
Combined - Reaching home, I took off my clothes.

He was hungry. He took his food.
Being hungry,he took his food.

B. Past participle का प्रयोग करके
I found a pen.It was lost.
I found a lost pen.
I saw a bird. It was wounded .
I saw a wounded bird.
(@preperaclasses)
C. Perfect Participle
He completed his homework. He went to school.
Having completed his homework, he went to school.
Rule.2 Infinitive का प्रयोग करके
He took a knife.He wanted to kill the hen.
He took a knife to kill the hen.
Rule.3 Nominative absolute का प्रयोग करके
The police arrived. The thieves ran away.
The police having arrived, the thieves ran away.
The teacher was absent.The boys did not work.
The teacher being absent, the boys did not work.
(@preperaclasses)
Rule.4 Gerund या noun से पूर्व preposition का प्रयोग करके
He gave me advice. He also helped me.
Besides giving me advice,he also helped me.
She failed. She heard the news. She fainted.
On hearing the news of her failure, she fainted.
Rule.5 Noun या phrase in apposition का प्रयोग करके
Tagore was the author of the Gitanjali. He was a great poet of Bengal.
Tagore ,a great poet of Bengal, was the author of the Gitanjali.
या
Tagore, the author of the Gitanjali ,was a great poet of Bengal
(@preperaclasses)
Rule.6 Adverb या adverbial phrase का प्रयोग करके
He went to college. He was punctual.
He went to college punctually.
He played cricket . He played happily.
He played cricket happily.

Rule.7 adjective का प्रयोग करके
A boy came to my office. The boy was blind.
A blind boy came to my office.

Rule.8 conjunction and का प्रयोग करके
Sohan went to Kanpur. Mohan also went with him.
Sohan and Mohan went to Kanpur.

Network issue.....

Synthesis

दो या दो से अधिक सिंपल सेंटेंस से एक कांप्लेक्स सेंटेंस बनाना -
(@preperaclasses)
Rule1 : Noun clause का प्रयोग करके
1. Separate -- He is going to Kanpur. Everybody knows it.
Combined --- Everybody knows that he is going to Kanpur.
2. You are a thief. It is known to all.
That you are a thief, is known to all.
3. What do your parents say. Listen to it.
Listen to what your parents say.
4. Gandhi ji was shot dead. The news spread all over the country like a wild fire.
The news, that Gandhiji was shot dead, spread all over the country like a wild fire.
5. The rains would come. That was our hope. Our hope was wrong.
Our hope, that the rains would come, was wrong.
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Rule2. Adjective clause का प्रयोग करके --
1. I saw a dog. The dog was lying on the road.
I saw a dog who was lying on the road.
2. I give him a camera. The camera was very cheap.
I gave him a camera which was very cheap.
3. This is the school. I was taught here in my childhood.
This is the school where I was taught in my childhood.
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Rule3. Adverb clause का प्रयोग करके

🔴 1. Time 🔴
I waited for Mohan. I waited till his arrival.
I waited for Mohan till he arrived.
🔴 2.Place 🔴
Nehru went to many places. He was welcomed everywhere.
Nehru was welcomed wherever he went.
🔴3. Reason 🔴
He is week. I shall teach him.
I shall teach him because he is week.
🔴4. Condition 🔴
Do not work too much. You will lose your health.
If you work too much, you will lose your health.
🔴5. Comparison 🔴
Tina is beautiful. Reena is equally beautiful.
Reena is as beautiful as Tina is.
🔴6. Contrast 🔴
He is poor. He is honest.
Although he is poor, he is honest.
🔴7. Result 🔴
He was very poor. He could not buy this book.
He is so poor that he could not buy this book.
🔴8. Purpose 🔴
I drew my sword. I wanted to defend myself.
I drew my sword so that I might defend myself.
🔴9. Manner 🔴
You have treated me in a certain way. I will treat you in the same way.
I will treat you as you have treated me.
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