|🍁UP BOARD ENGLISH NCERT CLASS 12🍁|:
Direct and Indirect Narration

Rules ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖
(@preperaclasses)
1. Change of persons 👉

Reporting        reported
Speech            Speech
S 👈         👁️   1️⃣ I,we,me,my,us,
O 👈         👁️  2️⃣you, your
N 👈         👁️  3️⃣he,she,they,it

S=subject, O=object,
N=no change
1️⃣ = 1st person
2️⃣ = 2nd person
3️⃣ = 3rd person

1. यदि reported speech में first person(I,We) का pronoun हो। तो वह reporting speech के subject के अनुसार बदला जाता है।S👈1️⃣

2.यदि reported speech में second(you,your) person का pronoun हो। तो वह reporting speech के object के अनुसार बदला जाता है। O👈2️⃣

3.यदि reported speech में third person(he, she,it,they) का pronoun हो। तो उसमे कोई परिवर्तन नही होता है।N👈3️⃣no change
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(@preperaclasses)
❣2. Change of tenses❣
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1.Present Ind.T.👉Past ind.T.
Do/does not=did not
Do/does=did
V¹/V⁵=V²
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2.Present cont.t.👉past cont.t
Is,am,are=was,were
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3.P. perfect t👉past perfect t.
Has/have+V3=had+v³
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4. P. per.con.t.👉past p.c.t.
Has/have+been=had been
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5.Past ind.=past perfect t.
Did=had+v³
V²=had+v³
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6.past cont.t.=past perfect con.
Was/were+v⁴=had been+v⁴
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7.past perfect tense=no change
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8.past perfect con.t=no change
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Shall=should
Will=would
Can=could
May=might
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(@preperaclasses)
💐3. Change of other parts of speech❣

Direct         Indirect
This            That
These        Those
Here           There
Now            Then
Thus            So
Today          That day
Tonight        That night
Tomorrow    The following day
                        या the next day
Yesterday      The previous day
Ago                 Before
Next day        The following day
Last day         The previous day
Next=the following
Last=the previous
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