TNS CONCEPTS
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Biochemical events of mast cell activation.

Cross-linking of bound IgE by antigen activates protein tyrosine kinases (Syk and Lyn), which in turn cause activation of a MAP kinase cascade and phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ).

PLCγ catalyzes the release of IP3 and DAG from membrane PIP2.

IP3 causes release of intracellular calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. Calcium and DAG activate PKC, which phosphorylates substrates such as myosin light chain protein and thereby leads to the degradation and release of preformed mediators.

Calcium and MAP kinases combine to activate the enzyme cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which initiates the synthesis of lipid mediators, including prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4).

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Confocal microscope
The interlinked intrinsic and
extrinsic pathways leading to the cleavage of fibrinogen to form active fibrin are shown. Active serine proteases in the pathways are shown in blue.
Green arrows denote activating steps, and red arrows indicate inhibitory
processes.
The Cori cycle (also known as the Lactic acid cycle), named after its discoverers, Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori, refers to the metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized back to lactate.