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आपल्या प्रतिसादाबद्दल पुनःश्च धन्यवाद......😊🙏
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आणि बरेच काही
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## आजपासून आपण अगोदर अपलोड केलेल्या पोस्ट्स मधील महत्वाच्या मुद्द्यांचा आढावा घेऊ... Starting from 9 November...
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Socialist, Secular & Integrity या तीन शब्दांचा समावेश 42 व्या घट्नादुरुस्तीने.... आयोगाने अगोदर हा प्रश्न भरपूर वेळेस विचारला आहे..
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पटेल, नेहरू आणि प्रसाद ( PNP) यांच्या समित्या लक्षात ठेवाव्यात..
अधिक माहितीसाठी वरील पोस्ट मधील ( डाव्या बाजूला असलेला फोटो) या वर Touch करा...
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पहिली कॅबिनेट....👆
महाराष्ट्रीयन व्यक्ती पहिल्या कॅबिनेट मध्ये किती होत्या..?? त्यांचे खाते कोणते..??
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एकूण महिला सदस्य किती..?? आणि त्यांचे मतदारसंघ....
e.g राजकुमारी अमृता कौर वर आयोगाने प्रश्न विचारला आहे...
e.g राजकुमारी अमृता कौर वर आयोगाने प्रश्न विचारला आहे...
## मित्रांनो, टेलिग्राम हे Supplementary आहे...
✅ अभ्यास सोडून इतर कोणत्याही गोष्टीसाठी तुमचा अमूल्य वेळ वाया घालवू नका..🙏
🚨Core Study ( Standard पुस्तके वाचणे) हे अतिशय महत्वाचे आहे...
🚨 कृपया फक्त मोजकीच 4-5 चॅनेल जॉईन करा, काही बोटावर मोजण्याएवढी चॅनेल निस्वार्थपणे काम करत आहेत, बाकी लोकांचा काही न काही छुपा स्वार्थ लपलेला असतो, हे विद्यार्थ्यांनी ओळखून आपल्या अभ्यासातील महत्वाचा वेळ कृपया वाया घालवू नये..🙏
तुमच्या फावल्या वेळेत टेलिग्राम वरील पोस्ट्स पाहायला हरकत नाही.
🚨 टीप - काही #Telegram #Channels वर होणारी जाहिरातबाजी सोडली तर इतर कोणत्याही टेलिग्राम चॅनेल्सला यूट्यूब सारखे पैसे मिळत नाहीत, ही पूर्णपणे "निःशुल्क" सुविधा आहे..☺️
✅ अभ्यास सोडून इतर कोणत्याही गोष्टीसाठी तुमचा अमूल्य वेळ वाया घालवू नका..🙏
🚨Core Study ( Standard पुस्तके वाचणे) हे अतिशय महत्वाचे आहे...
🚨 कृपया फक्त मोजकीच 4-5 चॅनेल जॉईन करा, काही बोटावर मोजण्याएवढी चॅनेल निस्वार्थपणे काम करत आहेत, बाकी लोकांचा काही न काही छुपा स्वार्थ लपलेला असतो, हे विद्यार्थ्यांनी ओळखून आपल्या अभ्यासातील महत्वाचा वेळ कृपया वाया घालवू नये..🙏
तुमच्या फावल्या वेळेत टेलिग्राम वरील पोस्ट्स पाहायला हरकत नाही.
🚨 टीप - काही #Telegram #Channels वर होणारी जाहिरातबाजी सोडली तर इतर कोणत्याही टेलिग्राम चॅनेल्सला यूट्यूब सारखे पैसे मिळत नाहीत, ही पूर्णपणे "निःशुल्क" सुविधा आहे..☺️
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" Mission 50+ : STI Strategy " : विक्रीकर निरीक्षक पूर्व परीक्षा स्ट्रेटजी....👆👆👆
STI आणि PSI ( Selected पुस्तकसूची ) 👆👆👆...🙏
Notes on Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates serve as principal energy sources for the body.They are defined as poly hydroxyaldehyde or ketones or the substances which on hydrolysis yield either aldehyde or ketone.
Carbohydrates constitute the major (80% of dry weight) part in the plant.
The carbohydrates which are sweet in taste are collectively known as sugars (mono saccharides & disaccharides); while those which are not sweet are called non sugars (poly saccharides).
Most of the naturally occurring carbohydrates have Dextrorotatory (D)-configuration
Mono saccharides
Isomers:Compounds with the same chemical formula are called isomers.
Glyceraldehyde (an aldose) & Dihydroxyacetone (a ketose) have the same chemical composition, C3H6O3, but differ in structure they are structural isomers.
Epimers:If two monosaccharide isomers differ in configuration around one specific carbon atom (with the exception of the carbonyl carbon) they are defined as epimers of each other.
e g: D-galactose and D-glucose(differ only in their configuration at C-4)
Simple sugars containing an aldehyde group are called aldosesand those with a keto group are called ketoses.
General formula: (CH2O) n
Reducing sugar:Sugars that contain free aldehyde or ketone group in open chain configuration can reduce cupric ions to cuprous ions and hence are called reducing sugar.
Test for reducing sugar: Fehling’s and Benedict’s test.
The most important carbohydrate occurring in animals is Glucose(aldohexose)
Fructose (Levulose)-fruit sugar-sweetest of all sugars
Galactose occurs in milk as component of milk sugar, lactose
Ribose( Pentose sugar) is found in every animal and plant cell.Its reduced form deoxyribose is found in DNA.
Biologically important mono saccharides
Di saccharides
Glycosidic bond
This is when two mono saccharide join to form a disaccharide.
The reaction is similar to condensation.
The reaction involves the water been given off.
Sucrose (cane sugar/table sugar/beet sugar)
Maltose(Malt sugar) is found during germination of starchy seeds.
Sucrose & Maltose -C12H22O11
Lactose (Milk sugar)
Biologically important Di saccharides
Poly saccharides
Poly saccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by condensation of a number of mono saccharides (more than 10).
Structurally,they are of 2 types:
Homo polysaccharides: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen
Hetero polysaccharides:Chitin, Pectin, Hemi cellulose
Functionally, they are of 3 types:
Storage
Structural
Muco polysaccharides
Storage Polysaccharides
Starch
Storage polysaccharide of plant cells.
Composed of the glucose polymers (80%amylose + 20%amylopectin).
Amylose-The water soluble fraction which is linear polymer of α-D-glucose.
Amylopectin- The water insoluble fraction which consists of branched chains of α-D-glucose.
Glycogen
Major glucose storage molecule in animals (stored in liver and skeletal muscle).
The liver reserve of glycogen is used to regulate blood glucose levels.
Dextran (In Yeast and Bacteria)
Bacteria and yeasts store glucose as yet another type of polysaccharide called Dextran.
Dextrans are also used as components of blood plasma substitutes (plasma expanders) and foodstuffs.
Inulin (Dahila Starch)
A fructose polymer is used as a starch substitute in diabetics ‘dietary products.
In addition, it serves as a test substance for measuring renal clearance
Structural Poly saccharides
Cellulose
Most abundant polysaccharide, indeed the most abundant organic molecule in the world.
Structural polysaccharide, used to make plant cell walls.
Β (1-4) polymer of D-glucose that can contain thousands of glucose monomers.
Cellulose cannot be digested by animals because they do not produce an enzyme capable of cleaving the glycosidic linkage.
A homopolymer from1-4-linked N-acetyl glucosamine.
It is the most important structural substance in insect and crustacean shells, and is thus the most common animal polysaccharide.
Second most abundant organic molecule.
It also occurs in the cell wall of fungi.
Mucopolysaccharides
They are slime or mucilage producing heteropoly
saccharides
eg: Pectins, Phycocolloids
Carbohydrates serve as principal energy sources for the body.They are defined as poly hydroxyaldehyde or ketones or the substances which on hydrolysis yield either aldehyde or ketone.
Carbohydrates constitute the major (80% of dry weight) part in the plant.
The carbohydrates which are sweet in taste are collectively known as sugars (mono saccharides & disaccharides); while those which are not sweet are called non sugars (poly saccharides).
Most of the naturally occurring carbohydrates have Dextrorotatory (D)-configuration
Mono saccharides
Isomers:Compounds with the same chemical formula are called isomers.
Glyceraldehyde (an aldose) & Dihydroxyacetone (a ketose) have the same chemical composition, C3H6O3, but differ in structure they are structural isomers.
Epimers:If two monosaccharide isomers differ in configuration around one specific carbon atom (with the exception of the carbonyl carbon) they are defined as epimers of each other.
e g: D-galactose and D-glucose(differ only in their configuration at C-4)
Simple sugars containing an aldehyde group are called aldosesand those with a keto group are called ketoses.
General formula: (CH2O) n
Reducing sugar:Sugars that contain free aldehyde or ketone group in open chain configuration can reduce cupric ions to cuprous ions and hence are called reducing sugar.
Test for reducing sugar: Fehling’s and Benedict’s test.
The most important carbohydrate occurring in animals is Glucose(aldohexose)
Fructose (Levulose)-fruit sugar-sweetest of all sugars
Galactose occurs in milk as component of milk sugar, lactose
Ribose( Pentose sugar) is found in every animal and plant cell.Its reduced form deoxyribose is found in DNA.
Biologically important mono saccharides
Di saccharides
Glycosidic bond
This is when two mono saccharide join to form a disaccharide.
The reaction is similar to condensation.
The reaction involves the water been given off.
Sucrose (cane sugar/table sugar/beet sugar)
Maltose(Malt sugar) is found during germination of starchy seeds.
Sucrose & Maltose -C12H22O11
Lactose (Milk sugar)
Biologically important Di saccharides
Poly saccharides
Poly saccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by condensation of a number of mono saccharides (more than 10).
Structurally,they are of 2 types:
Homo polysaccharides: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen
Hetero polysaccharides:Chitin, Pectin, Hemi cellulose
Functionally, they are of 3 types:
Storage
Structural
Muco polysaccharides
Storage Polysaccharides
Starch
Storage polysaccharide of plant cells.
Composed of the glucose polymers (80%amylose + 20%amylopectin).
Amylose-The water soluble fraction which is linear polymer of α-D-glucose.
Amylopectin- The water insoluble fraction which consists of branched chains of α-D-glucose.
Glycogen
Major glucose storage molecule in animals (stored in liver and skeletal muscle).
The liver reserve of glycogen is used to regulate blood glucose levels.
Dextran (In Yeast and Bacteria)
Bacteria and yeasts store glucose as yet another type of polysaccharide called Dextran.
Dextrans are also used as components of blood plasma substitutes (plasma expanders) and foodstuffs.
Inulin (Dahila Starch)
A fructose polymer is used as a starch substitute in diabetics ‘dietary products.
In addition, it serves as a test substance for measuring renal clearance
Structural Poly saccharides
Cellulose
Most abundant polysaccharide, indeed the most abundant organic molecule in the world.
Structural polysaccharide, used to make plant cell walls.
Β (1-4) polymer of D-glucose that can contain thousands of glucose monomers.
Cellulose cannot be digested by animals because they do not produce an enzyme capable of cleaving the glycosidic linkage.
A homopolymer from1-4-linked N-acetyl glucosamine.
It is the most important structural substance in insect and crustacean shells, and is thus the most common animal polysaccharide.
Second most abundant organic molecule.
It also occurs in the cell wall of fungi.
Mucopolysaccharides
They are slime or mucilage producing heteropoly
saccharides
eg: Pectins, Phycocolloids